Английская Википедия:Glossary of the American trucking industry
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| Index of Drivers and carriers |
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| Index of Vehicles |
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| Index of Vehicle parts |
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| Index of Trailer configurations |
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A specialized set of jargon describe the tools, equipment, and employment sectors used in the trucking industry in the United States. Some terms may be used within other English-speaking countries, or within the freight industry in general (air, rail, ship, and manufacturing). For example, shore power is a term borrowed from shipping terminology, in which electrical power is transferred from shore to ship, instead of the ship relying upon idling its engines. Drawing power from land lines is more efficient than engine idling and eliminates localized air pollution.[1][2] Another borrowed term is "landing gear" (from the aviation industry), which refers to the legs which support the front end of a semi-trailer when it is not connected to a semi-truck. Some nicknames are obvious wordplay, such as "portable parking lot", in reference to a truck that carries automobiles.
General
- Bill of lading (BOL, BL, B/L)Шаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- A paper document between a shipper and a carrier acknowledging the receipt of goods for transport. Usually describes the nature of the cargo; hazardous materials classification (if any); amount of cargo by weight, size, and/or number of pallets, boxes, barrels, etc; and the origin and destination of the cargo.[3][4]
- BobtailingШаблон:Anchor
- Operating a tractor unit with no trailer attached.
- BrokerШаблон:Anchor
- A person or company that arranges for the truck transportation of cargo belonging to others, using for-hire carriers to provide the actual truck transportation.[5]
- Bulk cargoШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- Large quantities of undivided or unpackaged cargo, such as grain or dry powder.[3]
- Bulk freightШаблон:Anchor
- See bulk cargo.
- CargoШаблон:Anchor
- See freight.
- CBШаблон:Anchor
- See CB radio - Citizen's Band Radio.
- CB radio equipment is found in the vast majority of 18-wheelers and is used by truckers for various purposes, including talking to other truckers on the highway, discussing road and weather conditions, coordinating activity at distribution centers and truckstops and various other purposes, including emergency communications. In the United States, many truckers monitor CB channel 19 (27.185 MHz), commonly known as the "highway channel" or "trucker's channel".
- ConsigneeШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- The person or entity transferring legal responsibility or ownership of the cargo (or consignment) from the carrier.[3]
- ConsignmentШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- An agreement between a consignee and a consignor in which the goods are taken responsibility for and transported by a third party, the carrier. May also simply refer to the consigned goods (i.e., the cargo).[6]
- ConsignorШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- The person or entity transferring legal responsibility or ownership of the cargo (or consignment) to the carrier.[7]
- DeadheadingШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- Operating a truck empty.[8]
- Electronic on-board recorder (EOBR)Шаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- A device hooked into the truck which transmits useful management information such as truck location, speed, and idle time.[9]
- Float shiftingШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- Shifting gears without using the clutch pedal.[10] Also called "slip shifting" or "dead sticking".
- FreightШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- The materials or goods being transported.[11]
- Hazardous materials (Haz-mat)Шаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- Explosive, flammable, poisonous or otherwise potentially dangerous cargo. Large amounts or especially hazardous cargo are required to be placarded under haz-mat regulations.[12]
- IntermodalШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- A single trailer or container that encounters multiple forms of transportation along its route, such as truck/ship/rail.[3]
- Just-in-timeШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- A method of inventory control in which warehousing is either nonexistent or kept to a minimum. The freight arrives "just in time", and only when it is needed.[10]
- Log bookШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- A form which describes the working duties of truck drivers for each 24-hour period.[9]
- ManifestШаблон:Anchor
- A document that describes the contents of a shipment in greater detail than a bill of lading. Commonly used as a checklist during unloading.[13][14]
- Operating authorityШаблон:Anchor
- Motor carriers for-hire must apply for the authority to engage in interstate commerce with the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration.[5]
- Oversize loadШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- A unit of cargo that is larger than the legally defined limits for width, length, height, and/or weight; it cannot be broken down into smaller units.[15]
- PalletШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- A wooden (or sometimes plastic) platform on which boxes or cargo are stacked and sometimes shrink-wrapped. Usually refers to the entire palletized stack of boxes, although it can refer to the platform itself.[16][17]
- ReceiverШаблон:Anchor
- Consignee, importer, or buyer (who may or may not be the same) named in the bill of lading as the party responsible for receiving a shipment.[18]
- ShipperШаблон:Anchor
- A consignor, exporter, or seller (who may or may not be the same) named in the bill of lading as the party responsible for initiating a shipment.[19]
- TerminalШаблон:Anchor
- A dock or hub where freight originates, terminates, or is handled in the transportation process; or a location where motor carriers maintain operating facilities.[10]
- TractorШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- A semi-truck (powered unit) used to pull a load or semi-trailer (unpowered unit) by means of a fifth wheel mounted over the rear axle(s) in a semi-truck/semi-trailer combination.[8]
- Truck stop electrification (TSE)Шаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- The capability to connect a truck to a land-based electric power supply ("Shore power") at a truck stop. Eliminates the need for engine idling while parked, and in the case of IdleAire, also supplies land-based climate control within the truck cab, as well as Internet and TV access.[20]
- Weigh stationШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- A chosen point off the highway, where the state highway patrol examines the weight of a vehicle that weigh over 10,000 pounds.
Drivers and carriers
- Common carrierШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- A for-hire carrier that is obligated to serve the general public.[21]
- Company driverШаблон:Anchor
- Employee of a carrier who is assigned to drive company-owned trucks.[22]
- Contract carrierШаблон:Anchor
- A for-hire carrier contracted to one particular shipper. A contract carrier enters into a contract whose terms are negotiated between a specific carrier and specific customer.[5]
- Dedicated routeШаблон:Anchor
- A driver or carrier who transports cargo between regular, prescribed routes. Regular route drivers usually are at home on regular intervals, given the scheduled nature of their routes.[23][24][25]
- For-hire carrierШаблон:Anchor
- A licensed carrier that holds itself out to hire under either a public tariff for the general public (for-hire common carrier) or under a contract filed with a specific shipper (contract carrier). For-hire carriers must apply for operating authority with the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration.[5]
- Irregular routeШаблон:Anchor
- See over-the-road.
- Less-than-truckload (LTL)Шаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- A driver or carrier who specializes in, or a load composed of many different types of cargo, each typically weighing less than Шаблон:Convert, with many different destinations. Generally involves the use of terminal facilities to break and consolidate shipments. A LTL driver normally has a dedicated or regional route.[10][25][26]
- Long-haulШаблон:Anchor
- See over-the-road.
- Motor carrierШаблон:Anchor
- A person or company providing transportation of property or passengers using commercial motor vehicles.[5]
- Over-the-road (OTR)Шаблон:Anchor
- A driver or carrier who transports cargo to any place at any time, without prescribed schedules or routes. Long-Haul OTR involves being away for weeks, or months at a time, often cross-country or international (Canada and Mexico), given the unscheduled nature of their routes.[27]
- Owner-operator (O/O)Шаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- Self-employed independent drivers who operate privately owned or leased trucks, as opposed to a company driver.[8]
- Private carrierШаблон:Anchor
- A not-for-hire carrier contracted to or owned by a shipper that does not offer services to the general public, and operates primarily to transport its own goods. Private carriers are not required to obtain operating authority by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA).[5][28]
- Regional routeШаблон:Anchor
- A driver or carrier who transports cargo in a limited geographical area, usually within a certain radius of one's own home or company terminal, and may or may not maintain a schedule.[29]
- Regular routeШаблон:Anchor
- See dedicated route.
- Team driversШаблон:Anchor
- A team of two or more drivers who ride together and drive the same truck in shifts, essentially allowing the truck to remain in motion almost constantly. Primarily used for time-sensitive freight.[8]
Vehicles
- Big rigШаблон:Anchor
- See semi-truck.
- Big truckШаблон:Anchor
- See semi-truck.
- BobtailШаблон:Anchor
- A tractor without a trailer.[8] In verb form, this also refers to operating a truck without a trailer.[30]
- Cab overШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- A short, box-shaped tractor with no hood (UK: bonnet), and a steep vertical front. The "cab" rides "over" the engine and front steering axle. Used when a shorter wheelbase is needed.[3]
- Combination vehicleШаблон:Anchor
- A vehicle composed of two or more separate units, a tractor (powered unit, semi-truck) and a trailer (unpowered unit, semi-trailer).[3]
- Conventional truckШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- A truck or tractor featuring an engine forward of the cab, with a conventional hood configuration.[10]
- Day cabШаблон:Anchor
- A truck cab without a sleeper berth.[31]
- Dump truckШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- A truck with a bucket-like cargo area which the front can be raised, hinging on the rear, allowing the load to slide ("dump") out of the cargo area. Often a straight truck, semi-trailers are also common. Flatbeds and refuse container trucks can often "dump", but are rarely called that.[3]
- Eighteen-wheelerШаблон:Anchor
- This term is derived from the number of tires that the typical OTR tractor-trailer configuration has. See also semi-truck.
- Semi-truckШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- An articulated (jointed) combination vehicle, often composed of a 10-wheeled (three axle) tractor and a 4-wheeled (two axle) trailer. There are also two axle tractors, single axle trailers, and occasionally combinations with extra lift axles. In some applications a semi can pull additional full trailers (doubles and triples) with the use of a single axle or tandem axle converter dolly.[10] The use of the term "semi" in the name comes from the semi-trailer, a vehicle whose load is carried partly by its own axles and partly by the pulling vehicle, which is commonly included in tractor-trailer rigs.
- Straight truckШаблон:Anchor
- A single vehicle, with no articulation. Normally 2 or 3 axles, sometimes with lift axles.
- Tractor-trailerШаблон:Anchor
- See semi-truck.
- Truck crane
- A special truck (carrier) with a permanently mounted crane (upper). This design allows faster moves from site to site than conventional cranes.
Vehicle parts
- See also Semi-trailer truck#Construction for a diagram of truck parts.
- BaffleШаблон:Anchor
- A partition or separator within a liquid tank, used to inhibit the flow of fluids within the tank. During acceleration, turning, and braking, a large liquid-filled tank may produce unexpected forces on the vehicle due to the inertia of liquids.[3]
- BulkheadШаблон:Anchor
- A strong wall-like structure placed at the front of a flatbed trailer used to protect the driver against shifting cargo during a front-end collision. May also refer to any separator within a dry or liquid trailer (also called a baffle for liquid trailers) used to partition the load.[3] See also: headache rack.
- BunkШаблон:Anchor
- See sleeper berth.
- CabШаблон:Anchor
- The interior of a truck where the driver sits to operate the vehicle.
- Cheater axleШаблон:Anchor
- See lift axle.
- Dual wheelsШаблон:Anchor
- A pair of tire and wheel assemblies mounted side-by-side on a single axle hub. In some applications it is replaced by a super single. On pickup trucks it is sometimes called a dually. The assembly has a greater load carrying ability as compared to a single wheel. It also provides redundancy so if one of the two tires fail the second will maintain support preventing loss of vehicle control and allowing the vehicle to travel to a repair facility.[32]
- Engine brakeШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- A braking system that utilizes the back pressure from the engine's pistons to slow down the vehicle. Commonly used to prevent heavy trucks from accelerating out of control while driving on steep downhill grades.[8]
- Fifth wheelШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- A pivoting platform on the rear of a truck tractor, used to support the front end of the trailer being towed that contains locking jaws that engage the trailer kingpin.[8]
- FloatШаблон:Anchor
- A popular name for a wide tire used on the steer (front) axle (originally known as a Super Single). Floats distribute the weight on the front axle over a wider area, preventing the tire sinking into softer ground. Commonly used on dump trucks, cement mixers, etc.
- Glad handsШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:MainInterlocking connectors attached to air hoses that supply air from the tractor to the trailer for air brakes.[10]
- Headache rackШаблон:Anchor
- A sturdy aluminum wall or steel mesh structure affixed to the tractor between the cab and the fifth wheel to protect the tractor occupants from the load on the trailer. See also: #Bulkhead
- Jake brakeШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- A popular brand of engine brake.[8][33] See also engine brake.
- KingpinШаблон:Anchor
- A large pin, underneath the front of a trailer, which interlocks with the fifth wheel.[8]
- Landing gearШаблон:Anchor
- A set of retractable, crank-up legs that support the front of a trailer when it is not connected to a tractor.[8]
- Lift axleШаблон:Anchor
- An air-powered axle that may be raised or lowered to the ground to provide greater load-carrying capacity,[3] or to comply with axle weight requirements (see also Federal Gross Weight Bridge Formula).
- RetarderШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- A device used to assist braking that does not use friction. such as engine braking or axle-mounted electromagnetic retarders.[8] See also engine brake.
- Sleeper berthШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:MainThe portion of the truck's interior designated for sleeping, legally must contain a bed.[34]
- Super singleШаблон:Anchor
- A popular name for a single, larger wheel and tire, (properly called a "wide-base tire"), substituted for "Dual wheels" (see above), an adjacent pair assembly. The main benefit of a super single is a reduction in weight; combined with lower rolling resistance the super single promises better fuel economy. The disadvantage is the lack of tire redundancy from which Dual Wheels benefit, as tire failure can disable the vehicle[32][35] and increased highway wear, through the high point loading and scrubbing of road surfaces when making tight turns.[36]
- Tandem axleШаблон:Anchor
- A set of axles spaced close together, legally defined as more than 40 and less than 96 inches apart by the USDOT.[37]
Trailers
- Auto transportШаблон:Anchor
- A specialized trailer or truck/trailer combination used for transporting passenger vehicles.[38][39]
- Belly dumpШаблон:Anchor
- See bottom dump.
- Beverage trailer
- A trailer between 26 feet (7.9 m) and 29 feet (8.8 m) used primarily for the transport of beverages. Colloquially known as a sidebanger, sideloader, or route trailer.
- Bottom dumpШаблон:Anchor
- A dump with a funnel-shaped floor for unloading through the bottom.[40]
- Bull wagonШаблон:Anchor
- See livestock.
- Car haulerШаблон:Anchor
- See auto transport.
- Chip van
- specially designed bulk dry van with open top for wood byproducts.
- ContainerШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- A simple, enclosed box of standardized sizes, used for intermodal transport.[10]
- Container skeletal carrierШаблон:Anchor
- A skeletal trailer composed of a simple chassis for the mounting of an intermodal container.[38]
- Covered wagonШаблон:Anchor
- A flatbed with specially fitted side plates and curved ribs supporting a tarp covering, commonly referred to as a "side kit". Named for the resemblance to horse-drawn covered wagons.[41][42]
- CurtainsideШаблон:Anchor
- Can be either a dry box with tarp sides, or a flatbed with a movable frame of squared ribs supporting a tarp.[43]
- Deep-drop vanШаблон:Anchor
- A specialized dry van that maximizes interior space, with a lowered floor and higher roof. Normally used to transport bulky, relatively light cargo, such as furniture and electronics.[38]
- Double deckerШаблон:Anchor
- A specialized trailer with 2 floors to allow for more cargo space.[44]
- Doubles trailerШаблон:Anchor
- A trailer between Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert long that can be used singularly as a delivery trailer in congested areas or in combination with another trailer for over the road.[10][45]
- DropdeckШаблон:AnchorШаблон:Anchor
- A flatbed with a lowered deck, featuring a raised step at the front, where the trailer attaches to the fifth wheel.[38]
- Dry bulkШаблон:Anchor
- A variation of the liquid tank trailer, with a funnel-shaped bottom, used for hauling bulk quantities of dry powder (sometimes called bulk pneumatic). Sometimes referred to as a 'Teat Truck' or 'Teater' due to its appearance. Usually loaded through holes in the top, unloaded through the bottom or through pneumatic force.[10][46]
- Dry vanШаблон:Anchor
- A simple, enclosed non-climate controlled rectangular trailer that carries general cargo, including food and other products that do not require refrigeration. Usually loaded/unloaded through the rear doors, requiring elevated access for forklifts to enter the trailer.[38]
- DumpШаблон:Anchor
- A bucket-like trailer with an open top for loading, commonly used for hauling bulk quantities of dirt, rock, gravel, etc. See dump truck.[47][48]
- FlatbedШаблон:Anchor
- A flat trailer with no enclosure or doors. Can be loaded/unloaded from the sides or above, and does not require elevated access for forklifts.[38][41]
- Gooseneck lowboyШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- A specialized lowered flatbed trailer featuring an arched coupling arm, normally used for oversize/overweight loads.[49][50]
- Grain or hopper-bottom trailerШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- A rectangular enclosure with an open top for bulk loading, covered with a tarp, and a funnel shaped bottom for unloading grain, fertilizer, etc.[38]
- HopperШаблон:Anchor
- See grain.
- LivestockШаблон:Anchor
- A rectangular enclosure with sides featuring numerous ventilation holes, an interior with multiple levels, and usually a ramp in the rear for loading/unloading. Used for hauling cows, pigs, sheep, etc.[38]
- Live-bottom
- A dry van with solid or openable roof with a moveable mechanized floor for unloading.
- LoggerШаблон:Anchor
- See timber.
- LowboyШаблон:Anchor
- See double dropdeck, or gooseneck lowboy.
- PlatformШаблон:Anchor
- See flatbed.
- Portable parking lotШаблон:Anchor
- See auto transport.
- PupШаблон:Anchor
- A trailer between Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert long that can be used singularly as a delivery trailer in congested areas or in combination with another trailer for over the road.[10][45]
- Rear dumpШаблон:Anchor
- A dump with a rear pivot point allowing the front of the cargo area to be raised vertically for unloading through the rear.[51]
- ReeferШаблон:Anchor
- See refrigerated van.
- Refrigerated vanШаблон:Anchor
- A refrigerated and insulated box trailer.[38]
- Side kitШаблон:Anchor
- See covered wagon.
- SideloaderШаблон:Anchor
- (aka Sidelifter) A specialized container trailer with cranes on the front and rear to allow for on-the-spot loading and unloading.[52]
- SkateboardШаблон:Anchor
- See flatbed.
- StepdeckШаблон:Anchor
- See dropdeck.
- TankШаблон:Anchor
- Шаблон:Main
- An enclosed cylinder-shaped tank used for hauling bulk quantities of liquid.[38]
- TankerШаблон:Anchor
- See tank.
- TimberШаблон:Anchor
- A specialized trailer, used for transporting logs, consisting of a basic chassis with vertical stakes along the sides to hold the logs in place.[38] There are several types of timber trailers: Long wood trailers; Usually with four stakes, but can have more, evenly spaced for tree length logs to be carried longwise on the trailer; Short wood trailers, with two separated sets of four of stakes, commonly referred to as a double bunk,[53] and piggyback trailers. These trailers can be self loaded onto the back of a truck[54]
Trailer configurations
- 'B' train Double
- A special set-of-doubles: the second (usually shorter) trailer is hooked directly to the first via a fifth wheel on the rear of the first one (two semis).
- Rocky Mountain DoubleШаблон:Anchor (occasionally called an 'A' train)
- A combination of a standard trailer and a shorter pup trailer. Legal in more than 20 states, use is usually restricted to toll roads, freeways, or by permit.[45]
- StandardШаблон:Anchor
- A single trailer. Common dimensions range from Шаблон:Convert to Шаблон:Convert long, and up to Шаблон:Convert tall.[45]
- TripleШаблон:Anchor
- A combination of three pup trailers. Legal in 17 states, usually restricted to major highways, toll roads, or freeways.[45]
- Turnpike DoubleШаблон:Anchor
- A combination of two standard trailers. Legal in 18 states, these unusually long combinations are usually restricted to toll roads or freeways.[45]
See also
References
External links
- USDOT Size Regulations
- USDOT RITA Dictionary
- ATA Glossary of Trucking Terms
- OOIDA Trucking Terms Glossary Шаблон:Webarchive
- Univ of Mich Truck and Bus Glossary Шаблон:Webarchive
Шаблон:Trucking industry in the United States
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 3,7 3,8 3,9 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ 8,00 8,01 8,02 8,03 8,04 8,05 8,06 8,07 8,08 8,09 8,10 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 10,00 10,01 10,02 10,03 10,04 10,05 10,06 10,07 10,08 10,09 10,10 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Dead link
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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- ↑ 25,0 25,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 32,0 32,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 38,00 38,01 38,02 38,03 38,04 38,05 38,06 38,07 38,08 38,09 38,10 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 41,0 41,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 45,0 45,1 45,2 45,3 45,4 45,5 Шаблон:Cite map
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Double bunk log trailer-Retrieved 2012-04-06
- ↑ [1]- Retrieved 2012-04-06
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