Английская Википедия:Glossina morsitans
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Speciesbox
Glossina morsitans is a species of tsetse fly in the genus Glossina. It is one of the major vectors of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense[1] in African savannas.[2]
Taxonomy
Glossina morsitans is variously classified into the subgenus Glossina[2] or as the name species of a morsitans species group. Note that this includes both subspecies G. m. centralis and G. m. morsitans, and G. pallidipes.[2][3]
G. m. submorsitans is a common substitute for G. m. morsitans,[4][3] or rarely as a full species G. submorsitans.
G.m.s. is further subdivided into a G. m. s. ugandensis.[5]
Morphology
Egg
About Шаблон:Convert long.[6][7]
Larvae
First instar
Шаблон:Convert long.[6]
Second instar
Шаблон:Convert long.[6]
Third instar
Шаблон:Convert long.[6]
Adult
Adults are Шаблон:Convert. G. morsitans is occasionally distinguishable from congeners by the unaided eye - there are differences in gross coloration - if it can be observed resting. It is more readily distinguishable by microscopic examination.[8]
Metabolism
Flight muscles are primarily powered by proline, which is synthesized from fatty acids mobilised out of the fat body. Proline is so efficiently used in muscle mitochondria because they are specialised towards proline oxidising enzymes, and away from enzymes using fatty acids and pyruvate.[9]
Distribution
G. morsitans is found heavily throughout East Africa and Equatorial Africa: Angola,[10][3] Benin,[3] Botswana,[10][3] Burkina Faso,[10][3] Burundi,[10][3] Cameroon,[10][3] Central African Republic,[3] Chad,[10][3] Democratic Republic of the Congo,[10][3] Ethiopia,[10][3] The Gambia,[10][3] Ghana,[3] Guinea,[3] Guinea-Bissau,[3] Ivory Coast,[10][3] Kenya,[10][3] Malawi,[10][3] Mali,[10][3] Mozambique,[10][3] Namibia,[10][3] Niger,[10][3] Nigeria,[10][3] Rwanda,[3] Senegal,[10][3] Sierra Leone,[3] South Africa,[10] Sudan,[10][3] Tanzania,[10][3] Togo,[10][3] Uganda,[10][3] Zambia,[10][3] and Zimbabwe.[10][3]
Hosts
G. morsitans feeds upon warthogs, oxen, buffaloes, kudus, and humans.[1] About 6% of G. m. s.Шаблон:'s bloodmeals come from birds (excluding ostriches).[3]
Genome
A sequence was made available in 2014. Among other results this reveals that G. morsitansШаблон:'s genome has incorporated some of its Wolbachia symbiont's genome (see also Шаблон:Section link below).[11] The sense of taste of G. m. m. lacks the sense of sweetness - which may be due to its exclusively hematophagous diet.[12]
Genetics
G. morsitans carries 3 Ago2Шаблон:Zero width joiners according to data compiled by Mongelli & Saleh 2016[13][14] and Dowling et al 2016 finds 2 Ago3Шаблон:Zero width joiners[14] while Mongelli & Saleh's compilation shows 3.[13][14]
Symbionts
G. m. m. is in obligate symbiosis with Wigglesworthia glossinidia and Wolbachia. Without Wigglesworthia, G. m. m. is sterile, and without Wolbachia they are reproductively incompatible with normal flies.[15]
Economic impact
Trypanosomiasis transmitted by G. morsitans and other tsetse species is one of the largest economic problems Africa faces. It has radically altered the cattle agroeconomy across the middle of Africa, severely shrinking the cattle pastoral lifestyle by shrinking the extent of safe grazing lands. This has left about Шаблон:Convert of otherwise usable land devoid of cattle. Raising cattle in the manner common in 1963, this would have allowed for another 125,000,000 head - more than doubling the 114,000,000 being raised at the time.[16]
References
Further reading
External links
es:Glossina morsitans morsitans
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокFAO-hosts-transне указан текст - ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокRozendaal-1996не указан текст - ↑ 3,00 3,01 3,02 3,03 3,04 3,05 3,06 3,07 3,08 3,09 3,10 3,11 3,12 3,13 3,14 3,15 3,16 3,17 3,18 3,19 3,20 3,21 3,22 3,23 3,24 3,25 3,26 3,27 3,28 3,29 3,30 3,31 3,32 3,33 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокFAO-distroне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокFAO-lifecycleне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокFAO-internalне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокFAO-IDне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 10,00 10,01 10,02 10,03 10,04 10,05 10,06 10,07 10,08 10,09 10,10 10,11 10,12 10,13 10,14 10,15 10,16 10,17 10,18 10,19 10,20 10,21 10,22 10,23 10,24 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокCABI-ISCне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокWatanabe-et-al-2014не указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокObiero-et-al-2014не указан текст - ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокAlam-et-al-2011не указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокWilson-et-al-1963не указан текст
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![Map of Glossina distribution in Africa, especially G.m.m., by [[es:User:Estefanía Alonso Gómez]]](/ruwiki/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F:%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0&wpDestFile=Mapa_Distribuci%C3%B3n_Gossina_morsitans_morsitans.jpg){kind=link}