Английская Википедия:Glottal stop (letter)
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:One source
The character Шаблон:Angle bracket called glottal stop, is an alphabetic letter in some Latin alphabets, most notably in several languages of Canada where it indicates a glottal stop sound. Such usage derives from phonetic transcription, for example the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), that use this letter for the glottal stop sound. The letter derives graphically from use of the apostrophe Шаблон:Angle bracket or the symbol ʾ for glottal stop.
Graphic variants
Where Шаблон:Angle bracket is not available, not being in the basic Latin alphabet, it is sometimes replaced by a question mark Шаблон:Angle bracket, which is its official representation in the SAMPA transcription scheme. In Skwomesh or Squamish, Шаблон:Angle bracket may be replaced by the digit Шаблон:Angle bracket (see image).
In Unicode, four graphic variants of the glottal stop letter are available.
- Unicase Шаблон:Angle bracket (Шаблон:Unichar) is provided for the International Phonetic Alphabet and Americanist phonetic notation. It is found in a number of orthographies that use the IPA/APA symbol, such as those of several Salishan languages.
- A case pair, uppercase Шаблон:Angle bracket (Шаблон:Unichar) and lowercase Шаблон:Angle bracket (Шаблон:Unichar), is provided for the orthographies of Athabaskan languages in the Northwest Territories. Uppercase Шаблон:Angle bracket may be slightly wider than unicase Шаблон:Angle bracket in fonts that distinguish them.
- Superscript Шаблон:Angle bracket (Шаблон:Unichar) that is used in Cayuga, the IPA and the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.
Other notations
Other common symbols for the glottal stop sound are variants of the punctuation mark apostrophe that was the historical basis of the glottal stop letters. These include the 9-shaped modifier letter apostrophe, Шаблон:Angle bracket, which is probably the most common (and the direct ancestor of Шаблон:Angle bracket), the 6-shaped ʻokina of Hawaiian, Шаблон:Angle bracket, and the straight-apostrophe shaped saltillo of many languages of Mexico, which has the case forms Шаблон:Angle bracket.
Usage
Technical transcription
- Americanist phonetic notation and the International Phonetic Alphabet—unicase ʔ or superscript ˀ
- Transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages—occasionally unicase ʔ
- Uralic Phonetic Alphabet—superscript ˀ only
Vernacular orthographies
- Languages of Canada
- Chipewyan—uppercase Ɂ and lowercase ɂ
- Dogrib—uppercase Ɂ and lowercase ɂ
- Kootenai—unicase ʔ
- Musqueam language—unicase ʔ
- Nootka—unicase ʔ
- Slavey—uppercase Ɂ and lowercase ɂ
- Nitinaht—unicase ʔ
- Thompson—unicase ʔ
- Lushootseed—unicase ʔ
- Squamish language, where it is sometimes represented with Шаблон:Angle bracket.
- Tuscarora—uppercase Ɂ and lowercase ɂ
Computing codes
In Unicode 1.0, only the unicase and superscript variants were included. In version 4.1 (2005), an uppercase character was added, and the existing unicase character was redefined as its lowercase. Then, in version 5.0 (2006), it was decided to separate the cased and caseless usages by adding a dedicated lowercase letter. The IPA character is first from left, while the extended Latin alphabet characters are third and fourth from left.[1]
| Character | ʔ | ˀ | Ɂ | ɂ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN LETTER GLOTTAL STOP |
MODIFIER LETTER GLOTTAL STOP |
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER GLOTTAL STOP |
LATIN SMALL LETTER GLOTTAL STOP | ||||
| Character encoding | decimal | hex | decimal | hex | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
| Unicode | 660 | 0294 | 704 | 02C0 | 577 | 0241 | 578 | 0242 |
| UTF-8 | 202 148 | CA 94 | 203 128 | CB 80 | 201 129 | C9 81 | 201 130 | C9 82 |
| Numeric character reference | ʔ | ʔ | ˀ | ˀ | Ɂ | Ɂ | ɂ | ɂ |
See also
- Glottal stop#Writing
- ʾ (Modifier letter right half ring)
- ʕ (Voiced pharyngeal fricative in IPA)
- ʡ (Epiglottal stop in IPA)
- ʢ (Voiced epiglottal trill in IPA)
- ʖ and ƾ (Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet)
- ˤ (Pharyngealization in IPA)
- ʻOkina
- Aleph
- Apostrophe
- Hamza
- Saltillo (letter)
- Sokuon
- Spiritus lenis
References
External links
