Английская Википедия:Gnevny-class destroyer

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The Gnevny class (Шаблон:Lang-ru) were a group of 29 destroyers built for the Soviet Navy in the late 1930s. They are sometimes known as the Gremyashchiy class and the official Soviet designation was Project 7. These ships fought in World War II.

In the early 1930s the Soviets felt able to restart construction of fleet destroyers and forty-eight ships were ordered under the Second Five-Year Plan.

The design was produced with Italian assistance despite ideological differences between the Soviets and Fascist Italy. They resembled contemporary destroyers built in Italy for the Greek and Turkish navies.

They suffered from some of the same weaknesses of contemporary Italian ships with structural weakness and limited seaworthiness. There were also significant machinery problems in the earliest ships. The design flaws were apparent after trials of the first units in 1936–1937 and production stopped after 29 ships. A modified design was then placed into production as the Type 7U.

Four surviving ships from the Pacific Fleet were transferred to the People's Liberation Army Navy and served as the Шаблон:Sclasss.

Design and description

Файл:Plan and elevation of Gnevny-class DDs.jpg
Right elevation and plan of the Gnevny class

Having decided on the specifications of the large Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Sclass destroyer leaders, the Soviet Navy sought Italian assistance in designing smaller and cheaper destroyers. They licensed the plans for the Шаблон:Sclass and, in modifying it for their purposes, overloaded a design that was already somewhat marginally stable.[1]

The Gnevnys had an overall length of Шаблон:Convert, a beam of Шаблон:Convert, and a draft of Шаблон:Convert at deep load. The ships were significantly overweight, almost Шаблон:Convert heavier than designed, displacing Шаблон:Convert at standard load and Шаблон:Convert at deep load. Their crew numbered 197 officers and sailors in peacetime and 236 in wartime.[2]

The ships were powered by two geared steam turbine sets, each driving a single three-bladed Шаблон:Convert propeller using steam provided by three water-tube boilers that operated at a pressure of Шаблон:Convert and a temperature of Шаблон:Convert.[3] The turbines, rated at Шаблон:Cvt, were intended to give the ships a speed of Шаблон:Convert.[4] The designers had been conservative in rating the turbines and many, but not all, of the ships handily exceeded their designed speed during their sea trials. Others fell considerably short of it; Шаблон:Ship reached Шаблон:Convert during her trials in 1943. Variations in fuel oil capacity meant that the range of the Gnevnys varied between Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert.[5]

Armament and fire control

As built, the Gnevny-class ships mounted four 50-caliber [[130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936|Шаблон:Convert B-13 guns]] in two pairs of superfiring single mounts fore and aft of the superstructure. Each gun was provided with 150 rounds. The development of the gun was troubled by excessive barrel erosion problems and three variants were built in a not entirely successful effort to resolve the problem which complicated logistical and operational support as each performed slightly differently. The manually operated mounts had an elevation range between −5° and +45° and had a rate of fire of 6–10 rounds per minute. They fired a Шаблон:Convert shell at a muzzle velocity of Шаблон:Convert, which gave them a range of Шаблон:Convert.[6]

Anti-aircraft defense was provided by two 55-caliber [[76.2 mm anti-aircraft gun Model 1935 (34-K)|Шаблон:Convert 34-K]] AA guns and two 46-caliber [[45 mm anti-aircraft gun (21-K)|Шаблон:Convert 21-K]] AA guns, all in single mounts[7] as well as a pair of Шаблон:Convert DK or DShK machine guns. The 34-K guns could elevate between −5° and +85°, had a rate of fire of fire of 15–20 rounds per minute, and the ships carried 300 rounds per gun for them. Their muzzle velocity of Шаблон:Convert gave their Шаблон:Convert high-explosive shells a maximum horizontal range of Шаблон:Convert and an effective ceiling of Шаблон:Convert. The 21-K was a converted anti-tank gun with a rate of fire of 25–30 rounds per minute with an elevation range between −10° and +85°. The gun fired a Шаблон:Convert shell at a muzzle velocity of Шаблон:Convert. This gave them a range of Шаблон:Convert. The Project 7s stowed 500 rounds for each gun. The DShK had an effective rate of fire of 125 rounds per minute and an effective range against aircraft of Шаблон:Convert.[8]

The ships were equipped with six Шаблон:Cvt torpedo tubes in two rotating triple mounts amidships; each tube was provided with a reload. The Project 7-class ships primarily used the 53-38 or the 53-38U torpedo, which differed only in the size of their warhead; the latter had a warhead Шаблон:Convert heavier than the Шаблон:Convert warhead of the 53-38. The torpedoes had three range/speed settings: Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert; Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert. The ships could also carry a maximum of either 60 or 95 mines and 25 depth charges. They were fitted with a set of Mars hydrophones for anti-submarine work, although it was useless at speeds over Шаблон:Convert.[9]

Fire control for the main battery of the Gnevnys was provided by a Mina-7 fire-control system that was derived from an Italian Galileo system. It included a TsAS-2 mechanical analog computer that received information from a KDP2-4 gunnery director on the roof of the bridge which mounted a pair of DM-4 Шаблон:Convert stereoscopic rangefinders. Anti-aircraft fire control was strictly manual with only a DM-3 Шаблон:Convert rangefinder to provide data to the guns.[10]

Ships

Black Sea Fleet

Ship Builder Launched Completed Fate
Шаблон:Ship – Шаблон:Lang-ru Marti Yard, Nikolaev 1936 1938 scrapped 1950s [11]
Шаблон:Ship – Шаблон:Lang-ru Marti Yard, Nikolaev 1936 Nov 1938 sunk 1 July 1941 by magnetic mine
Шаблон:Ship – Шаблон:Lang-ru 61 Kommunar yard, Nikolaev 1936 1938 sunk 26 June 1942[12]
Шаблон:Ship – Шаблон:Lang-ru 61 Kommunar yard, Nikolaev 1936 1938 sunk 2 July 1942[13] by KG 76
Шаблон:Ship – Шаблон:Lang-ru Marti Yard, Nikolaev 29 Oct 1936 1 May 1939 scrapped 1958[14]
Шаблон:Ship – Шаблон:Lang-ru Marti Yard, Nikolaev 1937 Sept 1939 sunk 6 October 1943, bombing by Stukas[15]

Baltic Fleet

Ship Builder Laid down Launched Completed Fate
Gnevny (Шаблон:Lang (Angry)) Shipyard No. 190 (Zhdanov), Leningrad 8 December 1935 13 July 1936 23 December 1938 Sunk by aircraft, 26 June 1941
Шаблон:Ship (Шаблон:Lang (Proud)) 25 June 1936 10 June 1937 23 December 1938 Sunk by mines, 14 November 1941
Шаблон:Ship (Шаблон:Lang (Loud)) 29 April 1936 6 Dec 1937 31 December 1938 Transferred to the Soviet Northern Fleet in 1941, used as a target for nuclear testing 1957, near Novaya Zemlya
Шаблон:Ship (Шаблон:Lang (Formidable)) 21 December 31 July 1936 9 December 1938 Transferred to the Soviet Northern Fleet in 1941, scrapped 1960
Шаблон:Ship (Шаблон:Lang (Thunderous)) 23 July 1936 12 August 1937 28 August 1938 Transferred to the Soviet Northern Fleet in 1941, used as a target for nuclear testing 1957, near Novaya Zemlya
Шаблон:Ship (Шаблон:Lang (Threatening)) 18 June 1936 5 January 1937 17 September 1939 During the first day of the Winter War, captured small Finnish steamer Auvo and took it as prize to Paldiski.[16] Damaged by bombing near Leningrad, scrapped 1950s
Шаблон:Ship (Шаблон:Lang (Destructive)) 29 October 1936 23 August 1937 13 August 1939 Transferred to the Soviet Northern Fleet in 1941, sunk in a storm 22 November 1942 after her stern broke off, 35 dead
Шаблон:Ship (Шаблон:Lang (Sly)) Shipyard No. 189 (Ordzhonikidze), Leningrad 17 September 1936 16 July 1937 6 November 1938 Sunk by mines, 4 November 1941
Шаблон:Ship (Шаблон:Lang (Watchful)) 12 August 1936 18 January 1938 30 October 1939 Bombed and sunk 21 September 1941 near Kronstadt, salvaged in 1944 and returned to service 1948, scrapped 1959
Шаблон:Ship (Шаблон:Lang (Impetuous)) 22 August 1936 4 February 1937 18 November 1938 Transferred to the Soviet Northern Fleet in 1941, sunk 20 July 1941 by German Bombers in Ekatirinskaya Bay, Murmansk, partially raised in 1942 and cannibalised for spare parts to repair Raz'yaryonny

Pacific Fleet

All the Pacific Fleet ships were built by Dalzavod, Komsomolsk na Amure and towed to Vladivostok for fitting out due to the shallow depth of the Amur River. One unit, Reshitelny (i), was lost by stranding on passage 7 November 1938, being damaged beyond repair. The material for these ships was assembled in Nikolayev and then shipped east via the Trans-Siberian railway.

Ship Launched Completed Fate
Reshitelnyy Решительный (decisive) 1937 Not completed Lost while being towed between Sovetskaya Gavan and Vladivostok for final fitting out
Шаблон:Ship Резвый (Frisky) 1937 Dec 1939 Scrapped 1950s
Шаблон:Ship Рьяный (Spirited) Oct 1937 1940 Sunk as target 8 January 1961 in the Sea of Japan
Шаблон:Ship Расторопный (Prompt) 1939 1941 Scrapped 1950s
Шаблон:Ship Редкий (Rare) 1941 Scrapped 1962
Шаблон:Ship Разящий (Furious) 1938 1941 sunk as target ship 1961
Шаблон:Ship Решительный (Decisive) 1939 1941 sold to China 1955 first as Changchun, Museum ship in Rushan from 1990
Шаблон:Ship Ретивый (Ardent) 1940 1941 sold to China 1955 as Chi Lin(Jilin) and then renamed to Taiyuan, Stationary training ship for Dalian Naval Academy from September 1991.
Шаблон:Ship Ревностный (Fervent) 1940 1941 scrapped 1950s
Шаблон:Ship Разъярённый (Enraged) May 1941 Dec 1941 transferred to the Soviet Northern Fleet in 1942, target ship 1958
Шаблон:Ship Разумный (Sensible) 1940 1941 transferred to the Soviet Northern Fleet in 1942, foundered 1960s
Шаблон:Ship Рекордный (Record breaking) 1940 1941 sold to China 1955 as Anshan, Museum ship in Qingdao from April 1992
Шаблон:Ship Резкий (Brusque) 1940 1942 sold to China 1954 as Fushun, Scrapped 1989

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Gnevny-class destroyer Шаблон:WWII Soviet ships

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  1. ↑ Yakubov & Worth, pp. 99, 102–103
  2. ↑ Yakubov & Worth, p. 101
  3. ↑ Platonov, p. 172
  4. ↑ Budzbon, p. 330
  5. ↑ Yakubov & Worth, pp. 101, 106–107
  6. ↑ Yakubov & Worth, pp. 101, 103–104
  7. ↑ Hill, p. 40
  8. ↑ Yakubov & Worth, pp. 101, 104
  9. ↑ Yakubov & Worth, pp. 101, 105–106
  10. ↑ Yakubov & Worth, pp. 104–105
  11. ↑ page in Russian
  12. ↑ page in Russian
  13. ↑ page in Russian
  14. ↑ page in Russian
  15. ↑ page in Russian
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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