Английская Википедия:Gnishik Formation
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox rockunit
The Gnishik Formation is a geologic formation in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran. It preserves fossils dated to the Wordian age of the Permian period.[1]
The thin-bedded limestones of the formation reach a thickness of Шаблон:Convert in the Julfa section of northwestern Iran and Шаблон:Convert in the Arpa River valley of Armenia. The sediments were deposited in an open marine setting at the northern edge of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean.
The coral Wentzellophyllum gnishikense was named after the formation.
Description
The Gnishik Formation was first formally described by Arakelyan in 1964, based on a section in the Gnishik River valley, after which the formation was named. The formation is mostly represented by thin-bedded, occasionally shaly, dark grey and black bituminous foraminiferal-algal biodetrital limestones. The occasional admixture of clayey and terrigenous material colors the limestones light grey and yellowish. The thin-bedded layers alternate with coarser-bedded compact varieties.[2]
The open marine limestones of the formation reach a thickness of Шаблон:Convert in the Julfa section of northwestern Iran. In Iran, the formation overlies the Dorud Formation and is overlain by the Khachik Formation,[3] while in Armenia the formation rests on top of the Asni Formation and is overlain by the Arpa Formation.[4] The Gnishik Formation represents an increase in subsidence rate in the Permian.[3] The sediments were deposited at the northern edge of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean.
The formation is dated to the late Murgabian,[5] which belongs to the Wordian stage of the Middle Permian.[1] The Gnishik Formation is correlated with the Ruteh and Nesen Formations,[6] and the Kuffengian stage of Chinese chronostratigraphy.[7]
Fossil content
Among many others, the following fossils have been reported from the formation:[1]
Invertebrates
- Trilobites
- Cephalopods
- Gastropods
- Pharkidonotus khairliensis[9]
- Naticopsis cf. spectatus[9]
- Bellerophon sp.[9]
- Naticopsis sp.[9]
- Straparollus sp.[9]
- ?Euphemites sp.[9]
- ?Platyceras sp.[9]
- Bellerophontidae indet.[9]
- Corals
- Ipciphyllum araxense[10]
- I. flexuosum[11]
- I. originale[11]
- I. ex gr. restriseptatum[11]
- I. simplex[11]
- I. subtimoricum[11][12]
- I. subelegans[11]
- Lonsdaleia aff. gracilis[12]
- L. aff. jenningsi[12]
- Lophocarinophyllum lophophyllidum[13]
- L. pulchrum[10][11]
- L. aff. zaphrentoideum[12]
- Michelinia vesiculosa[8]
- Paraipciphyllum transcaucasicum[11]
- Parawentzelella (Parawentzelella) canalifera[12]
- Pentaphyllum leptoconicum[13]
- Praetachylasma alternatum[12]
- Protomichelinia microstoma[13]
- Sinopora asiatica[13]
- Szechuanophyllum szechuanense[12]
- Ufimia elongata[8]
- Wentzelella armenica[12]
- Wentzelella (Wentzelella) densicolumnata[8]
- Wentzellophyllum gnishikense[10]
- W. parvus[10]
- W. volzi[12]
- Yatsengia asiatica[12]
- Lophophyllidium sp.[11]
- Wentzelella sp.[11]
- Crinoids
- Rhynchonellata
- Cryptospirifer omeishanensis[15]
- Septospirigerella baissalensis[15]
- Terebratuloidea davidsoni[8]
- Crenispirifer sp.[15]
- Septospirigerella sp.[15]
- Strophomenata
- Stenolaemata
- Fusulinina
- Sichotenella cf. sutschanica[8]
- Yangchienia cf. haydeni[8]
- Nankinella cf. ovata[8]
- N. orbicularia[8]
- Staffella sphaerica[8]
- S. suborientalis[8]
- Eoverbeekina cf. intermedia[8]
- Pisolina abichi[8]
- P. subsphaerica[8]
- Leella ex gr. bellula[8]
- Sphaerulina crassispira[8]
- S. ogbinensis[8]
- Verbeekina cf. heimi[8]
- V. verbeeki[8]
- Eopolydiexodina darwasica[8]
- E. persica[8]
- Polydiexodina chekiangensis[8]
- Chusenella abichi[8]
- C. doraschamensis[8]
- Dunbarula sp.[8]
- Foraminifera
Flora
- Dasycladophyceae
- Atractyliopsis fecundus[8]
- Diplopora americana[8]
- Endoina stellata[8]
- Epimastopora nipponica[8]
- Gyroporella tenuimarginata[8]
- Johnsonia spinosa[8]
- Macroporella spinosa[8]
- Mizzia velebitana[8]
- Pseudogyroporella grandis[8]
- Pseudovermiporella serbica[8]
- Stolleyella yabei[8]
- Rhodophyceae
- Succodium ambiguum[8]
- S. difficile[8]
- Gymnocodium bellerophonte[8]
- G. novum[8]
- Permocalculus forospinus[8]
- P. fragilis[8]
- P. piai[8]
- Ungdarella stellata[8]
See also
- List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Armenia
- List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Azerbaijan
- Geology of Armenia
- Geology of Azerbaijan
- Geology of Iran
References
Bibliography
- Geology
- Paleontology
- Шаблон:Cite LSA Шаблон:Doi
- Шаблон:Cite LSA
- Шаблон:Cite LSA
- Шаблон:Cite LSA
- Шаблон:Cite LSA
- Шаблон:Cite LSA
- Шаблон:Cite LSA
- Шаблон:Cite LSA
- Шаблон:Cite LSA
- Шаблон:Cite LSA
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Gnishik Formation in the Paleobiology Database
- ↑ Leven, 1998, p.302
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Saidi et al., 1997, p.198
- ↑ Leven, 1998, p.301
- ↑ Leven, 1998, p.308
- ↑ Leven, 1998, p.314
- ↑ Leven, 1998, p.320
- ↑ 8,00 8,01 8,02 8,03 8,04 8,05 8,06 8,07 8,08 8,09 8,10 8,11 8,12 8,13 8,14 8,15 8,16 8,17 8,18 8,19 8,20 8,21 8,22 8,23 8,24 8,25 8,26 8,27 8,28 8,29 8,30 8,31 8,32 8,33 8,34 8,35 8,36 8,37 8,38 8,39 8,40 8,41 8,42 8,43 8,44 8,45 8,46 8,47 8,48 Ruzhentsev & Sarycheva
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 9,5 9,6 9,7 9,8 9,9 Stepanov et al., 1969
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 Kropatcheva, 1999
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 11,4 11,5 11,6 11,7 11,8 11,9 Kotlyar et al., 1989
- ↑ 12,00 12,01 12,02 12,03 12,04 12,05 12,06 12,07 12,08 12,09 12,10 Morozova, 1970
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 Ezaki, 1991
- ↑ Stukalina, 1999
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 15,3 15,4 15,5 Nakamura & Golshani, 1981
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 Shishova, 1964
- ↑ Gennari & Rettori, 2019
- Английская Википедия
- Geologic formations of Armenia
- Geologic formations of Azerbaijan
- Geologic formations of Iran
- Permian System of Asia
- Permian Armenia
- Permian Azerbaijan
- Permian Iran
- Wordian
- Limestone formations
- Open marine deposits
- Permian southern paleotropical deposits
- Paleontology in Armenia
- Paleontology in Azerbaijan
- Paleontology in Iran
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