Английская Википедия:God (word)
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Italic title
Шаблон:God The English word god comes from the Old English Шаблон:Lang, which itself is derived from the Proto-Germanic Шаблон:Lang. Its cognates in other Germanic languages include Шаблон:Lang (both Gothic), Шаблон:Lang (Old Norse), Шаблон:Lang (Old Saxon, Old Frisian, and Old Dutch), and Шаблон:Lang (Old High German).
Etymology
Шаблон:Ref improve The Proto-Germanic meaning of Шаблон:Lang and its etymology is uncertain. It is generally agreed that it derives from a Proto-Indo-European neuter passive perfect participle Шаблон:PIE.[1]Шаблон:Rp This form within (late) Proto-Indo-European itself was possibly ambiguous, and thought to derive from a root *Шаблон:PIE "to pour, libate" (the idea survives in the Dutch word Шаблон:Lang, meaning "pour") (Sanskrit Шаблон:IAST, see Шаблон:IAST), or from a root *Шаблон:PIE (*Шаблон:PIE) "to call, to invoke" (Sanskrit Шаблон:IAST). Sanskrit hutá = "having been sacrificed", from the verb root hu = "sacrifice", but a slight shift in translation gives the meaning "one to whom sacrifices are made." Thus it can be related to the ancient Indian name Gautam and its Sanskrit roots.
Depending on which possibility is preferred, the pre-Christian meaning of the Germanic term may either have been (in the "pouring" case) "libation" or "that which is libated upon, idol" — or, as Watkins[2] opines in the light of Greek Шаблон:Lang "poured earth" meaning "tumulus", "the Germanic form may have referred in the first instance to the spirit immanent in a burial mound" — or (in the "invoke" case) "invocation, prayer" (compare the meanings of Sanskrit Шаблон:IAST) or "that which is invoked".
Influence of Christianity
God entered English when the language still had a system of grammatical gender. The word and its cognates were initially neuter but underwent transition when their speakers converted to Christianity, "as a means of distinguishing the personal God of the Christians from the impersonal divine powers acknowledged by pagans."[3]Шаблон:Rp However, traces of the neuter endured. While these words became syntactically masculine, so that determiners and adjectives connected to them took masculine endings, they sometimes remained morphologically neuter, which could be seen in their inflections: In the phrase, guþ meins, "my God," from the Gothic Bible, for example, guþ inflects as if it were still a neuter because it lacks a final -s, but the possessive adjective meins takes the final -s that it would with other masculine nouns.[3]Шаблон:Rp
God and its cognates likely had a general, predominantly plural or collective sense prior to conversion to Christianity. After conversion, the word was commonly used in the singular to refer to the Christian deity, and also took on characteristics of a name.[3]Шаблон:Rp[4]
Translations
The word god was used to represent Greek theos and Latin deus in Bible translations, first in the Gothic translation of the New Testament by Ulfilas. For the etymology of Шаблон:Lang, see *[[dyeus|Шаблон:PIE]].
Greek "θεός " (Шаблон:Lang) means god in English. It is often connected with Greek "θέω" (theō), "run",[5][6] and "θεωρέω" (theoreō), "to look at, to see, to observe",[7][8] Latin Шаблон:Lang "holidays", Шаблон:Lang "temple", and also Armenian Шаблон:Lang "gods". Alternative suggestions (e.g. by De Saussure) connect Шаблон:PIE "smoke, spirit", attested in Baltic and Germanic words for "spook" and ultimately cognate with Latin Шаблон:Lang "smoke." The earliest attested form of the word is the Mycenaean Greek te-o[9] (plural te-o-i[10]), written in Linear B syllabic script.
Capitalization
The development of English orthography was dominated by Christian texts. Capitalized, "God" was first used to refer to the Abrahamic God and may now signify any monotheistic conception of God, including the translations of the Arabic Шаблон:Transl, Persian Khuda, Indic Ishvara and the Maasai Шаблон:Lang.
In the English language, capitalization is used for names by which a god is known, including "God". Consequently, its capitalized form is not used for multiple gods or when referring to the generic idea of a deity.[11][12]
Pronouns referring to a god are also often capitalized by adherents to a religion as an indication of reverence, and are traditionally in the masculine gender ("He", "Him", "His" etc) unless specifically referring to a goddess.[13][14]
See also
- Anglo-Saxon paganism
- Bhagavan (Hindi word)
- El (deity) (Semitic word)
- Elohim
- Jumala (Finnish word)
- Tanri (Turkish word)
- Yahweh
- YHWH
References
External links
- Use of guþ n the Gothic Bible.
- Use of guda n the Gothic Bible.
- Gothic language and its relation to other Germanic languages such as Anglish (English) and Saxon
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Watkins, Calvert, ed., The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed., Houghton Mifflin Co., 2000.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite OED
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ θεωρέω, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ↑ Dermot Moran, The Philosophy of John Scottus Eriugena: A Study of Idealism in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press
- ↑ Palaeolexicon, Word study tool of ancient languages
- ↑ Palaeolexicon, Word study tool of ancient languages
- ↑ Webster's New World Dictionary; "God n. ME < OE, akin to Ger gott, Goth guth, prob. < IE base * ĝhau-, to call out to, invoke > Sans havaté, (he) calls upon; 1. any of various beings conceived of as supernatural, immortal, and having special powers over the lives and affairs of people and the course of nature; deity, esp. a male deity: typically considered objects of worship; 2. an image that is worshiped; idol 3. a person or thing deified or excessively honored and admired; 4. [G-] in monotheistic religions, the creator and ruler of the universe, regarded as eternal, infinite, all-powerful, and all-knowing; Supreme Being; the Almighty"
- ↑ Dictionary.com; "God /gɒd/ noun: 1. the one Supreme Being, the creator and ruler of the universe. 2. the Supreme Being considered with reference to a particular attribute. 3. (lowercase) one of several deities, esp. a male deity, presiding over some portion of worldly affairs. 4. (often lowercase) a supreme being according to some particular conception: the God of mercy. 5. Christian Science. the Supreme Being, understood as Life, Truth, Love, Mind, Soul, Spirit, Principle. 6. (lowercase) an image of a deity; an idol. 7. (lowercase) any deified person or object. 8. (often lowercase) Gods, Theater. 8a. the upper balcony in a theater. 8b. the spectators in this part of the balcony."
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
