Английская Википедия:Gojūon
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In the Japanese language, the Шаблон:Nihongo is a traditional system ordering kana characters by their component phonemes, roughly analogous to alphabetical order. The "fifty" (gojū) in its name refers to the 5×10 grid in which the characters are displayed. Each kana, which may be a hiragana or katakana character, corresponds to one sound in Japanese. As depicted at the right using hiragana characters, the sequence begins with あ (a), い (i), う (u), え (e), お (o), then continues with か (ka), き (ki), く (ku), け (ke), こ (ko), and so on and so forth for a total of ten rows of five columns.
Although nominally containing 50 characters, the grid is not completely filled, and, further, there is an extra character added outside the grid at the end: with 5 gaps and 1 extra character, the current number of distinct kana in a syllabic chart in modern Japanese is therefore 46. Some of these gaps have always existed as gaps in sound: there was no yi or wu even in Old Japanese, with the kana for i and u doubling up for those phantom values. Ye persisted long enough for kana to be developed for it, but disappeared in Early Middle Japanese, having merged with e. Much later, with the spelling reforms after World War II, the kana for wi and we were replaced with i and e, the sounds they had merged with. The kana for syllabic n (hiragana ん) is not part of the grid, as it was introduced long after the gojūon ordering was devised. (Previously mu (hiragana む) was used for this sound.)
The gojūon contains all the basic kana, but it does not include:
- versions of kana with a dakuten such as が (ga) or だ (da), or kana with handakuten such as ぱ (pa) or ぷ (pu),
- smaller kana (sutegana), such as the sokuon (っ) or in the yōon (ゃ,ゅ,ょ).
The gojūon order is the prevalent system for collating Japanese in Japan. For example, dictionaries are ordered using this method. Other systems used are the iroha ordering, and, for kanji, the radical ordering.
History
The gojūon arrangement is thought to have been influenced by both the Siddham script used for writing Sanskrit and the Chinese fanqie system.[1][2]
The monk Kūkai introduced the Siddhaṃ script to Japan in 806 on his return from China. Belonging to the Brahmic family of scripts, the Sanskrit ordering of letters was used for it. Buddhist monks who invented katakana chose to use the word order of Sanskrit and Siddham, since important Buddhist writings were written with those alphabets.[3]
In an unusual set of events, although it uses Sanskrit organization (grid, with order of consonants and vowels), it also uses the Chinese order of writing (in columns, right-to-left).
The order of consonants and vowels, and the grid layout, originates in Sanskrit shiksha (śikṣā, Hindu phonetics and phonology), and Brāhmī script, as reflected throughout the Brahmic family of scripts. Specifically, the consonants are ordered from the back to the front of the mouth (velar to labial).[4][5][6]
The Sanskrit was written left-to-right, with vowels changing in rows, not columns; writing the grid vertically follows Chinese writing convention.
Discrepancies
There are three ways in which the grid does not exactly accord with Sanskrit ordering of Modern Japanese; that is because the grid is based on Old Japanese, and some sounds have changed in the interim.
s/Шаблон:Lang
What is now s/Шаблон:Lang was previously pronounced either Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA, hence its location corresponding to Sanskrit Шаблон:IPA; in Sanskrit Шаблон:IPA appears towards the end of the list.[5]
h/Шаблон:Lang
Kana starting with h (e.g. Шаблон:Lang), b (e.g. Шаблон:Lang) and p (e.g. Шаблон:Lang) are placed where p/b are in Sanskrit (in Sanskrit, h is at the end) and the diacritics do not follow the usual pattern: p/b (as in Sanskrit) is the usual unvoiced/voiced pattern, and Шаблон:IPA has different articulation. This is because Шаблон:IPA was previously Шаблон:IPA, and pronouncing Шаблон:IPA as Шаблон:IPA is recent.
(More detail at Old Japanese: Consonants; in brief: prior to Old Japanese, modern Шаблон:IPA was presumably Шаблон:IPA, as in Ryukyuan languages. Proto-Japanese is believed to have split into Old Japanese and the Ryukyuan languages in the Yamato period (250–710). In Old Japanese (from 9th century) and on to the 17th century, Шаблон:IPA was pronounced Шаблон:IPA. The earliest evidence was from 842, by the monk Ennin, writing in the Zaitōki that Sanskrit Шаблон:IPA is more labial than Japanese. The Portuguese later transcribed the は-row as fa/fi/fu/fe/fo.)
n/Шаблон:Lang
Syllable-final n (Шаблон:Lang) was not present in Old Japanese (it developed following Chinese borrowings), does not fit with other characters due to having no vowel, and thus is attached at the end of the grid, as in Sanskrit treatment of miscellaneous characters.
Examples
The earliest example of a gojūon-style layout dates from a manuscript known as Шаблон:Nihongo dated Шаблон:Circa–1028.[7] In contrast, the earliest example of the alternative iroha ordering is from the 1079 text Шаблон:Nihongo.[8]
Gojūon ordering was first used for a dictionary in the 1484 Шаблон:Nihongo; following this use, gojūon and iroha were both used for a time, but today gojūon is more prevalent.
Today the gojūon system forms the basis of input methods for Japanese mobile phones – each key corresponds to a column in the gojūon, while the number of presses determines the row. For example, the '2' button corresponds to the ka-column (ka, ki, ku, ke, ko), and the button is pressed repeatedly to get the intended kana.
Table
This table uses the vertical system of Japanese writing, and should be read from the top down, starting from the rightmost column, then to the left. In each entry, the top entry is the hiragana, the second entry is the corresponding katakana, the third entry is the Hepburn romanization of the kana, and the fourth entry is the pronunciation written in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Please see Japanese phonology for more details on the individual sounds.
- ^Шаблон:Note labelШаблон:Note labelШаблон:Note labelШаблон:Note labelШаблон:Note label These kana are no longer in common use. Wi and we kana were included in the 1900 standard for kana but removed by subsequent orthographic reforms. Kana for writing explicit yi, ye and wu sounds were given by some nineteenth century textbooks[9][10] but were not included in the 1900 standard. Since e and ye existed as different phonemes in historic Japanese literature (having since merged), some specialised scholarly works use え/𛀀 (from the man'yōgana character 衣) to transcribe e and 𛀁/エ (from man'yōgana 江, where エ is the modern Katakana e) to transcribe ye.[11] These five are normally replaced with the plain vowel kana Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) in the charts that Japanese use, but that has not been done here to avoid confusion.
The rows are referred to as Шаблон:Nihongo3, and the columns as Шаблон:Nihongo3. They are named for their first entry, thus the rows are (top to bottom) Шаблон:Lang while the columns are (right to left) Шаблон:Lang. These are sometimes written in katakana, such as Шаблон:Lang, and conspicuously used when referring to Japanese verb conjugation – for example, the verb Шаблон:Nihongo3 is of Шаблон:Nihongo3 type.
Ordering of variant kana
Шаблон:Unreferenced section In the ordering based on the gojūon, smaller versions of kana are treated in the same way as full-size versions:
- The sokuon, the small kana tsu, is ordered at the same position as the large tsu. When the words are otherwise identical, it goes after them. For example,
- まつ, まったく, まつば, まとう (matsu, mattaku, matsuba, matou)
- Yōon sounds are ordered in the same positions as the full-sized sounds. When the words are otherwise identical, they collate after them. For example,
- きや, きゃ, きやく, きゃく, きゆ (kiya, kya, kiyaku, kyaku, kiyu).
Voiced versions (those with a dakuten) are classified under their unvoiced versions; If the words are otherwise identical, the voiced version is placed after the unvoiced; handakuten are placed after dakuten. For example,
- すす, すず, すすき, すすぎ, すずき, すすむ, すずむ (susu, suzu, susuki, susugi, suzuki, susumu, suzumu).
and
- は, ば, ぱ (ha, ba, pa)
Mnemonics
To remember the gojūon, various mnemonics have been devised. For example,
- Ah, Kana Signs: Take Note How Many You Read Well.[12]
The first letters in such phrases give the ordering of the non-voiced initial sounds.
For vowel ordering, the vowel sounds in the following English phrase may be used as a mnemonic:
- Ah, we soon get old.
The vowel sounds in the English words approximate the Japanese vowels: a, i, u, e, o.
References
Bibliography
- Шаблон:NKBJ
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- "The Japanese language", Roy Andrew Miller, Шаблон:ISBN, describes the origin of gojūon in Sanskrit.
- Gendai Kokugo Reikai Jiten, Шаблон:ISBN, used to obtain examples of dictionary ordering.
External links
- sci.lang.japan FAQ on the origin of kana order contains the relevant quote from the above reference.
- Kana Table (PDF)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Japanese katakana Шаблон:Webarchive (Omniglot.com)
- ↑ Daniels & Bright, The World's Writing Systems
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Miller, Roy Andrew The Japanese Language, Шаблон:ISBN, p. 128: "The Indic order of listing phonemes as found in the arrangement of this so-called 'siddhāṃ' script, as well as in all the Indic writing systems, arranges the consonants in the following order: k, kh, g, gh, ñ, c, ch, j, jh, ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ, t, th, d, dh, p, ph, b, bh, m, y, r, l, v, ś, ṣ, s, and ḥ ... Here the juxtaposition of modern 'h', Old Japanese 'f', with Indic 'p' is interesting and significant; the only other point which needs particular comment is the location of modern Japanese 's' following 'k'. This is easily understood since modern Japanese 's' goes back to the Old Japanese affricate phoneme Шаблон:IPA which had an allophone Шаблон:IPA before Old Japanese Шаблон:IPA and an allophone Шаблон:IPA before Шаблон:IPA."
- ↑ 1.1.5. What is the origin of the gojuuon kana ordering? Шаблон:Webarchive, sci.lang.japan FAQ Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Mabuchi (1993: 169–174)
- ↑ Kubota (2007: 26)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
