Английская Википедия:Golden Bull of 1222

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Expand Hungarian Шаблон:Refimprove Шаблон:Infobox document The Golden Bull of 1222 was a golden bull, or edict, issued by Andrew II of Hungary. King Andrew II was forced by his nobles to accept the Golden Bull (Aranybulla), which was one of the first examples of constitutional limits being placed on the powers of a European monarch.^[1] The Golden Bull was issued at the year 1222 diet of Fehérvár.^[2] The law established the rights of the Hungarian nobility, including the right to disobey the King when he acted contrary to law (jus resistendi). The nobles and the church were freed from all taxes and could not be forced to go to war outside of Hungary and were not obligated to finance it. This was also a historically important document because it set down the principles of equality for all of the nation's nobility.Шаблон:Sfn Seven copies of the edict were created, one for each of the following institutions: to the Pope, to the Knights Templar, to the Knights Hospitaller, to the Hungarian king itself, to the chapters of Esztergom and Kalocsa and to the palatine.

The charter's creation was influenced by the emergence of a nobility middle class, unusual in the nation's feudal system. As a regular gesture of generosity, King Andrew often donated property to particularly faithful servants, who thereafter gained new economic and class power. With the nation's class system and economic state changing, King Andrew found himself coerced into decreeing the Golden Bull of 1222 to relax tensions between hereditary nobles and the budding middle class nobility.Шаблон:Sfn

The Golden Bull is often compared to Magna Carta; the Bull was the first constitutional document of the nation of Hungary, while Magna Carta was the first constitutional charter of the nation of England.Шаблон:Sfn

Background

Grants of liberties

The Golden Bull that Andrew II of Hungary issued in the spring of 1222 is "one of a number of charters published in thirteenth-century Christendom that sought to constrain the royal power."Шаблон:Sfn Peter II of Aragon had already in 1205 planned to make concessions to his subjects.Шаблон:Sfn Simon de Montfort, supreme commander of the Albigensian Crusade, issued the Statute of Pamiers in 1212, confirming the privileges of the clergymen and limiting the authority of the future rulers of Toulouse and Carcassonne.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The statute influenced the Magna Carta of John, King of England, which also secured the liberties of the Church and regulated feudal relationships in 1215.Шаблон:Sfn The Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II, strengthened the authority of the imperial prelates in 1220.Шаблон:Sfn

Contacts between Hungary and these countries can be demonstrated during this period.Шаблон:Sfn Aragonese nobles settled in Hungary in the early 13th century.Шаблон:Sfn Hungarian participants of the Fifth Crusade could meet Robert Fitzwalter and other leaders of the movement which had achieved the issue of the Magna Carta.Шаблон:Sfn Two Hungarian prelates visited Canterbury in 1220.Шаблон:Sfn However, no direct connection between the texts of the Golden Bull and other early 13th-century grants of liberties can be demonstrated.Шаблон:Sfn Historian James Clarke Holt says, there is no need to assume that the authors of these documents borrowed from each other, because all these charters embodied the "natural reaction of feudal societies to monarchical importunity".Шаблон:Sfn

Hungarian society

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The existence of at least a dozen distinct social groups can be documented in Hungary in the 12th and 13th centuries.Шаблон:Sfn Freemen and serfs were the two fundamental categories, but intermediate "semi-free" groups also existed.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Freemen could in theory freely choose their lords, but they were in practice required to remain loyal to their masters.Шаблон:Sfn On the other hand, unfree warriors could hold large estates but could face legal arbitrary actions of royal officials.Шаблон:Sfn

The highest-ranking royal officials were appointed from among men who regarded themselvesШаблон:Sfn the descendants of either the Hungarian chieftains of the period of the establishment of the kingdom or of the foreign warriors who settled in Hungary during the subsequent centuries.Шаблон:Sfn They were mentioned as "noblemen" from the end of the 12th century,Шаблон:Sfn but they did not form a hereditary elite.Шаблон:Sfn The most prominent families started to name themselves after their forefathers in the 1200s, but their genealogies were often fabricated.Шаблон:Sfn The Gesta Hungarorum, which was completed around 1200, emphasized that the ancestors of many noblemen played a preeminent role in the Hungarian Conquest of the Carpathian Basin.Шаблон:Sfn

Initially, each freeman was required to serve in the royal army.Шаблон:Sfn Those who were unable to perform this duty were obliged to pay taxes in the 12th century.Шаблон:Sfn The majority of the castle warriors were unfree, but freemen could also choose to serve the ispáns (or heads) of the royal castles.Шаблон:Sfn They were to defend the royal castles and accompany the monarchs to their military campaigns in exchange for the parcels they held in royal lands around the castles.Шаблон:Sfn Free castle warriors could also retain their own estates.Шаблон:Sfn The highest ranking castle warriors started to refer to themselves as "freemen" or "warriors of the holy kings" to emphasize their privileged status.Шаблон:Sfn

Thousands of foreignersШаблон:MdashSlavs, Germans, Italians and WalloonsШаблон:Mdashcame to Hungary to populate the sparsely inhabited lands or to work in the centers of royal administration.Шаблон:Sfn These "guests" preserved their personal freedom even if they settled in the estates of the aristocrats or churchmen.Шаблон:Sfn Jews could legally settle only in the centers of the bishoprics, but they actually also lived in other towns.Шаблон:Sfn They were primarily merchants, engaged in long-distance trade.Шаблон:Sfn Muslims and christians who settled in Hungary were employed in the administration of royal revenues, but the presence of Muslim warriors is also documented.Шаблон:Sfn

Transformation

Файл:Aranybulla1.jpg

Golden Bull of 1222

Béla III of Hungary, who ruled from 1172 to 1196, was one of the wealthiest European monarchs of his time, according to a summary of his revenues.Шаблон:Sfn He earned income from the periodical exchange of coins, royal salt monopoly and customs duties, but significant part of his revenues came from the royal estates,Шаблон:Sfn because he owned more than half of landed property in the kingdom.Шаблон:Sfn He decreed that each transaction proceeding in his presence was to be recorded, which gave rise to the development of the royal chancellery.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Thereafter private transactions were also frequently recorded and preserved at specific monasteries or cathedral chapters, known as "places of authentication".Шаблон:Sfn

Béla III's eldest son and successor, Emeric, faced a series of rebellions initiated by his younger brother, Andrew.Шаблон:Sfn Both the king and his brother, who seized Croatia and Dalmatia, made generous grants to their partisans to secure their loyalty.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Prelates and high-ranking officials supported Andrew against the king, but Emeric defeated his brother.Шаблон:Sfn Andrew mounted the throne after the sudden death of Emeric's infant son, Ladislaus III, in 1205.Шаблон:Sfn

Andrew appointed his former supporters to the highest offices, but most of his brother's former officials could retain their offices, because he needed their assistance.Шаблон:Sfn For instance, four of Andrew's first seven palatines Шаблон:Mdash Csépán Győr and his brother, Pat, Julius Kán and Bánk Bár-Kalán Шаблон:Mdashhad held offices already during Emeric's reign.Шаблон:Sfn The ispáns of Bács, Sopron, Zala and other important counties were mostly nominated from among Emeric's former supporters.Шаблон:Sfn The heads of the royal householdШаблон:Mdashincluding the master of the horse and the master of the stewards Шаблон:Mdashbecame the members of the royal council during Andrew's reign.Шаблон:Sfn He always appointed one of his old partisans to these new offices.Шаблон:Sfn

Andrew started to grant large areas of royal estates and significant sums of money to his former supporters.Шаблон:Sfn For instance, Alexander of the Hont-Pázmány clan, who had helped Andrew to flee from his brother's prison, received 300 marks in 1217.Шаблон:Sfn Andrew's predecessors had also donated royal estates in perpetuity, but mostly those situated in the borderlands.Шаблон:Sfn Breaking with this practise, Andrew gave away large domains which were located in the central regions.Шаблон:Sfn The new policy of donations, known as novae institutiones ("new arrangements"), significantly reduced the revenues of the ispáns of the counties, because one third of all royal revenues from their counties were due to them.Шаблон:Sfn The "new arrangements" also diminished royal revenues.Шаблон:Sfn Andrew introduced new taxes and ordered the exchange of coins twice a year to secure the funds to the maintenance of his royal court.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn He farmed out the collection of the taxes and the administration of the royal mint to Jews and Muslims.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

According to a widespread scholarly theory, the appearance of wealthy landowners in the counties threatened the social position of both the free and unfree royal warriors.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Lesser landowners started to emphasize their direct link to the monarch.Шаблон:Sfn According to the available sources, landowners from Hosszúhetény were the first to call themselves "freemen and royal servants" during a court case against the abbot of Pécsvárad Abbey in 1212.Шаблон:Sfn Andrew started to grant the same status from the 1210s.Шаблон:Sfn Royal servants were to serve in the royal army, but independently of the ispáns who were the commanders of the county troops.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Quote

Andrew's "new arrangements" stirred up discontent among his subjects.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn A group of dignitaries made attempts to dethrone him in favor of his cousins in 1209.Шаблон:Sfn His wife, Gertrude of Merania, who had persuaded him to make generous grants to her German relatives and courtiers, was assassinated in 1213.Шаблон:Sfn He was forced to have his eight-year-old son, Béla, crowned king in 1214.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn After he left for a crusade to the Holy Land in 1217, his deputy, John, Archbishop of Esztergom, was expelled from Hungary.Шаблон:Sfn Andrew returned to Hungary in 1218.Шаблон:Sfn Shortly thereafter, his chancellery issued a series of charters which were dated as if he had started to reign in the spring of 1204, thus ignoring the last months of his brother's reign and the entire period of his nephew's rule.Шаблон:Sfn According to historian Attila Zsoldos, Andrew wanted to invalidate the royal charters which were issued during the eighteen months before his actual ascension to the throne.Шаблон:Sfn

The royal council ordered the revision of the grants concerning the estates of the udvornici (or semi-free peasants) in 1220.Шаблон:Sfn Next year, a similar decision was passed about the estates of the castle folk.Шаблон:Sfn Andrew was forced to appoint Béla to administer the lands beyond the Drava River in 1220.Шаблон:Sfn The noblemen who had lost Andrew's favor assembled in his son's new court.Шаблон:Sfn

1222 movement

The circumstances of the promulgation of the Golden Bull are uncertain because of the lack of sources.Шаблон:Sfn The Golden Bull itself is the principal source of the events which forced Andrew to issue it.Шаблон:Sfn Royal charters and Pope Honorius III's letters to Hungarian dignitaries provide further information about the political history of the year.Шаблон:Sfn

On 4 July 1222, the pope urged the Hungarian prelates to apply ecclesiastical censures against those who had claimed that they did not owe loyalty to Andrew, but to Béla.Шаблон:Sfn

The available data suggest that discontented noblemen, many of whom had held high offices during Emeric's reign, staged a coup in the spring of 1222.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Quote

The Golden Bull was drafted by Cletus Bél, royal chancellor and provost of Eger.

Main points of the Bull

Шаблон:Quotation

Royal servants' rights

More than one third of the articles of the Golden Bull dealt with the grievances of the royal servants.Шаблон:Sfn The king promised that the collecta (an extraordinary tax) may collect tax on their estates whereas freemen's pennies (an ordinary tax) may not be collected on their estates.Шаблон:Sfn He also pledged that they may accommodate him and his officials.Шаблон:Sfn Royal servants who had no sonsШаблон:Citation needed were granted the right of exchange of their estates in their testaments in return to receive a sum of money and benefits.Шаблон:Sfn The Golden Bull limited the judicial power of the ispáns, stating that in the royal servants' estates they could administer justice only in cases concerning the tithe and coinage.Шаблон:Sfn Royal servants were exempted of the obligation of accompanying the monarch to military expeditions to foreign lands.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Ordered list

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Primary sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Master Roger's Epistle to the Sorrowful Lament upon the Destruction of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Tatars (Translated and Annotated by János M. Bak and Martyn Rady) (2010). In Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010). Anonymus and Master Roger. CEU Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary, 1000–1301 (Translated and Edited by János M. Bak, György Bónis, James Ross Sweeney with an essay on previous editions by Andor Csizmadia, Second revised edition, In collaboration with Leslie S. Domonkos) (1999). Charles Schlacks, Jr. Publishers. pp. 1–11. Шаблон:ISBN.

Шаблон:Refend

Secondary sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

The Full Text of the Laws Шаблон:In lang
[1] Martyn Rady, 'Hungary and the Golden Bull of 1222'
The full text of the Golden Bull [version from 1318, the earliest copy what remained]: Endre kiraly Aranybullája. [Golden Bull of king Andreas II.] In: Corpus Iuris Hungarici-Magyar Törvénytár. Budapest, 1899. Franklin társulat. (in Latin and Hungarian) 130-145 p (248-264)https://archive.org/details/magyartrvnytrco01hunggoog/page/n441/mode/2up?q=Aranybulla

Шаблон:Hungary articles

↑ Francis Fukuyama: What’s Wrong with Hungary?
↑ 1222. április 24. | II. András kiadja az Aranybullát Fehérváron - Rubicon Történelmi Magazin

[1] Francis Fukuyama: What’s Wrong with Hungary?

[2] 1222. április 24. | II. András kiadja az Aranybullát Fehérváron - Rubicon Történelmi Magazin

[1]

[2]

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Английская Википедия:Golden Bull of 1222

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