Английская Википедия:Gomphotherium
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Automatic taxobox
Gomphotherium (Шаблон:IPAc-en; "nail beast" for its double set of straight tusks) is an extinct genus of gomphothere proboscidean from the Neogene of Eurasia, Africa and North America.[1][2] The genus is probably paraphyletic.[3][4]
Description
Most species of Gomphotherium were similar in size to the Asian elephant, with G. productum (known from a 35-year-old male) measuring Шаблон:Convert tall and weighing Шаблон:Convert. The largest species G. steinheimense, known from a complete 37-year-old male found in Mühldorf, Germany, measured up to Шаблон:Convert tall and weighed Шаблон:Convert.[5]
Gomphotherium, like most primitive elephantimorphs, had an elongated lower jaw which bore tusks.[6] Species of Gomphotherium are defined by their conservative molar morphology, which includes "trilophed intermediate molars, third molars with three to four loph(id)s, and pretrite half-loph(id)s typically with anterior and posterior accessory conules that form trefoil-patterned enamel loops with wear (simple molar crowns with no accessory conules on the posttrite side of the crown)".[7]
Ecology
Most species of Gomphotherium are inferred to have been browsers or mixed feeders, but specimens of G. steinheimense from China are suggested to have been grazers.[3]
Evolution
Gomphotherium likely originated in Africa during the late Oligocene-early Miocene. The oldest remains of Gomphotherium are known from Africa, dating to approximately 19.5 million years ago.[8] Gomphotherium migrated into Eurasia across the "Gomphotherium land bridge" approximately 19 million years ago.[9] Gomphotherium underwent rapid evolution after its arrival in Eurasia, reaching its peak diversity during the Early-Middle Miocene.[9] Gomphotherium has been posited to be paraphyletic and the ancestor of later gomphothere genera, including the "tetralophodont gomphotheres" such as Tetralophodon which are probably ancestral to stegodontids and elephantids.[3] Gomphotherium first arrived in North America during the mid-Miocene, approximately 16-15 million years ago,[10] and is suggested to be ancestral to later New World gomphothere genera, such as Cuvieronius, Stegomastodon and Rhynchotherium.[11] Asian populations of Gomphotherium are suggested to have been ancestral to Sinomastodon.[12] The last European species of Gomphotherium became extinct at the beginning of the Late Miocene, around the start of MN9, approximately 10 million years ago.[12] The last Gomphotherium species disappeared from North America at the beginning of the Pliocene, approximately 5 million years ago.[10]
Taxonomy
The following cladogram shows the placement of the genus Gomphotherium among other proboscideans, based on hyoid characteristics:[13] Шаблон:Clade
Species
Over a dozen species of Gomphotherium are considered valid, with over 30 junior synonyms proposed for these taxa.[14]
- G. hannibali Welcomme, 1994 Europe, Early Miocene
- G. annectens (Matsumoto, 1925) Japan, Early Miocene
- G. cooperi (Osborn, 1932) Asia, Early Miocene
- G. sylvaticum Tassy, 1985 Europe, Early Miocene
- G. libycum (Fourtau, 1918) Egypt, Early Miocene
- G. inopinatum (Borissiak and Belyaeva, 1928) China, late Early Miocene-Early middle Miocene
- G. mongoliense (Osborn, 1924) Mongolia, late Early Miocene-Early middle Miocene
- G. angustidens (Cuvier, 1817) (type) Europe, Middle Miocene
- G. subtapiroideum (Schlesinger, 1917) Europe, Early-Middle Miocene
- G. tassyi Wang, Li, Duangkrayom, Yang, He & Chen, 2017 China, Middle Miocene
- G. browni (Osborn, 1926) Pakistan, Middle Miocene
- G. steinheimense (Klahn, 1922) Europe, China, Middle-Late Miocene
- G. productum (Cope, 1874) North America, Middle Miocene-Early Pliocene
- G. pyrenaicum (Lartet, 1859) Europe, Middle Miocene[15]
Phylogeny after Wang et al., 2017[14]
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Gomphotherium angustidens
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Gomphotherium productum
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G. angustidens by Charles R. Knight
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G. angustidens skeleton
References
Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Reflist
Шаблон:Proboscidea Genera Шаблон:Taxonbar
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Palmer, T. S.; Merriam, C. H. (1904). Index generum mammalium: a list of the genera and families of mammals. Government Printing Office, Washington.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Spencer LG 2022. The last North American gomphotheres. N Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci. 88:45–58.
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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- Zanclean extinctions
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