Английская Википедия:Goodbye to Berlin

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Infobox book Goodbye to Berlin is a 1939 novel by Anglo-American writer Christopher Isherwood set during the waning days of the Weimar Republic. The novel recounts Isherwood's 1929–1932 sojourn as a pleasure-seeking British expatriate on the eve of Adolf Hitler's ascension as Chancellor of Germany and consists of a "series of sketches of disintegrating Berlin, its slums and nightclubs and comfortable villas, its odd maladapted types and its complacent burghers."Шаблон:Sfn The plot was based on factual events in Isherwood's life, and the novel's characters were based upon actual persons.Шаблон:Sfn The insouciant flapper Sally Bowles was based on teenage cabaret singer Jean Ross who became Isherwood's friend during his sojourn.

During Isherwood's time abroad in Germany, the young author witnessed extreme "poverty, unemployment, political demonstrations and street fighting between the forces of the extreme left and the extreme right."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfnm Following the Enabling Act which cemented Hitler's power in March 1933, Isherwood fled Germany and returned to England.Шаблон:Sfn Afterwards, the Nazis shuttered Berlin's cabarets,Шаблон:Efn and many of Isherwood's friends fled abroad or perished in concentration camps.Шаблон:Sfnm These events served as the genesis for Isherwood's stories.

The novel received positive reviews from critics and contemporary writers.Шаблон:Sfnm Anne Margaret Angus praised Isherwood's mastery in conveying the despair of Berlin's denizens and "their hopeless clinging to the pleasures of the moment".Шаблон:Sfn She believed Isherwood skillfully evoked "the psychological and emotional hotbed which forced the growth of that incredible tree, 'national socialism'."Шаблон:Sfn George Orwell hailed the novel for its "brilliant sketches of a society in decay".Шаблон:Sfn "Reading such tales as this," Orwell wrote, "the thing that surprises one is not that Hitler came to power, but that he did not do so several years earlier."Шаблон:Sfn

The 1939 novel was republished together with Isherwood's 1935 novel, Mr Norris Changes Trains, in a 1945 collection titled The Berlin Stories. Critics praised the collection as capturing the bleak nihilism of the Weimar period.Шаблон:Sfn In 2010, Time magazine hailed the collection as one of the 100 Best English-language novels of the 20th century.Шаблон:Sfn Goodbye to Berlin was adapted into the 1951 Broadway play I Am a Camera, the 1966 musical Cabaret, and the 1972 film of the same name. According to critics, the novel's character Sally Bowles inspired Truman Capote's character Holly Golightly in his 1958 novella Breakfast at Tiffany's.[1]Шаблон:Sfn

Biographical context

Шаблон:Further Шаблон:CSS image crop The autobiographical novel recounts writer Christopher Isherwood's sojourn in Jazz Age Berlin and describes the pre-Nazi social milieu as well as the colourful personalities he encountered.Шаблон:Sfn At the time, a young Isherwood was wholly indifferent to the growing spectre of fascism,Шаблон:Sfn and he had moved to Berlin in order to avail himself of boy prostitutes and to enjoy the city's orgiastic Jazz Age cabarets.[2][3]

While residing in the city, Isherwood socialised with a coterie of expatriates that included W.H. Auden, Stephen Spender, Edward Upward, and Paul Bowles.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfnm As a gay man, he also interacted with marginalised enclaves of Berliners and foreigners who later would be at greatest risk from Nazi persecution.Шаблон:Sfnm

The novel's most memorable character—the "divinely decadent"[4][5] Sally Bowles—was based upon 19-year-old flapper Jean Ross with whom Isherwood shared lodgings at Nollendorfstraße 17 in Schöneberg.[6]Шаблон:Sfnm Much like the character in the novel, Ross was a promiscuous young woman and a bohemian chanteuse in lesbian bars and second-rate cabarets.Шаблон:Sfnm[7] Isherwood visited these dingy nightclubs to hear Ross sing,Шаблон:Sfn and he described her singing ability as mediocre:

She had a surprisingly deep, husky voice. She sang badly,Шаблон:Efn without any expression, her hands hanging down at her sides—yet her performance was, in its own way, effective because of her startling appearance and her air of not caring a curse of what people thought of her.Шаблон:Sfn

Likewise, Stephen Spender described Ross' singing as underwhelming and forgettable: "In my mind's eye, I can see her now in some dingy bar standing on a platform and singing so inaudibly that I could not hear her from the back of the room where I was discreetly seated."Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:CSS image crop Although Isherwood occasionally had sex with women,Шаблон:Sfn Ross—unlike the fictional character Sally—never tried to seduce Isherwood,[8] although they were forced to share a bed whenever their tiny flat became overcrowded with visiting revelers.Шаблон:Sfn[9] Instead, a 27-year-old Isherwood settled into a same-sex relationship with a 16-year-old German boy named Heinz Neddermeyer,[10]Шаблон:Sfnm while Ross entered into a variety of heterosexual liaisons, including one with the blond musician Peter van Eyck, the future star of Henri-Georges Clouzot's The Wages of Fear.Шаблон:Sfnm

After her separation from van Eyck, Ross realised she was pregnant.Шаблон:Sfnm As a favour to Ross, Isherwood facilitated an abortion procedure.Шаблон:Sfnm Ross nearly died as a result of the botched abortion.Шаблон:Sfn Following her abortion, Isherwood visited Ross in the hospital. Wrongly assuming he was the father, the hospital staff despised him for impregnating Ross and then callously forcing her to have an abortion. These tragicomic events inspired Isherwood to write his 1937 novella Sally Bowles and serves as its narrative climax.Шаблон:Sfnm[11]

While Ross recovered from the abortion procedure, the political situation rapidly deteriorated in Germany.Шаблон:Sfn As Berlin's daily scenes featured "poverty, unemployment, political demonstrations and street fighting between the forces of the extreme left and the extreme right,"Шаблон:Sfn Isherwood, Ross, Spender, and other British nationals soon realised that staying any longer in Germany would be perilous. Шаблон:Sfnm "There was a sensation of doom to be felt in the Berlin streets," Spender recalled.Шаблон:Sfn Isherwood commented to a friend: "Adolf, with his rectangular black moustache, has come to stay and brought all his friends.... Nazis are to be enrolled as 'auxiliary police,' which means that one must now not only be murdered but that it is illegal to offer any resistance."Шаблон:Sfn

Two weeks after the Enabling Act cemented Adolf Hitler's power, Isherwood fled Germany and returned to England on 5 April 1933.[12] Afterwards, most of Berlin's seedy cabarets were shuttered by the Nazis,Шаблон:Efn and many of Isherwood's cabaret friends later fled abroad or perished in concentration camps.Шаблон:Sfnm[13][14][15] These factual events served as the genesis for Isherwood's Berlin tales.

Following her departure from Germany, Ross became a devout Stalinist and a lifelong member of Harry Pollitt's Communist Party of Great Britain.Шаблон:Sfnm She served as a war correspondent for the Daily Express during the subsequent Spanish Civil War (1936–39), and she is alleged to have been a propagandist for Joseph Stalin's Comintern.Шаблон:Sfnm A skilled writer, Ross also worked as a film critic for the Daily Worker,Шаблон:Efn and her criticisms of early Soviet cinema were later described by critics as ingenious works of "dialectical sophistry".Шаблон:Sfn She often wrote political criticism, anti-fascist polemics, and manifestos.Шаблон:Sfn For the remainder of her life, Ross believed the public association of herself with the naïve and apolitical character of Sally Bowles occluded her lifelong work as a professional writer and political activist.Шаблон:Sfnm Шаблон:Quote box Ross particularly resented how Isherwood depicted Sally Bowles expressing antisemitic bigotry.Шаблон:Sfn[16] In the original 1937 novella Sally Bowles, the character laments having sex with an "awful old Jew" to obtain money.[17] Ross' daughter, Sarah Caudwell, said such racial bigotry "would have been as alien to my mother's vocabulary as a sentence in Swahili; she had no more deeply rooted passion than a loathing of racialism and so, from the outset, of fascism."Шаблон:Sfn

Due to her unyielding dislike of fascism, Ross was incensed that Isherwood had depicted her as thoughtlessly allied in her beliefs "with the attitudes which led to Dachau and Auschwitz".Шаблон:Sfn In the early 21st century, some writers have argued the antisemitic remarks in "Sally Bowles" are a reflection of Isherwood's own much-documented racial prejudices.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn According to biographer Peter Parker, Isherwood was "fairly anti-Semitic to a degree that required some emendations of the Berlin novels when they were republished after the war".Шаблон:Sfn

Although Isherwood's stories about the Jazz Age nightlife of Weimar-era Berlin became commercially successful, Isherwood later denounced his writings.Шаблон:Sfn He lamented that he had not understood the suffering of the people which he depicted.Шаблон:Sfn He stated that 1930s Berlin had been:

a real city in which human beings were suffering the miseries of political violence and near-starvation. The 'wickedness' of Berlin's night-life was of the most pitiful kind; the kisses and embraces, as always, had price-tags attached to them.... As for the 'monsters', they were quite ordinary human beings prosaically engaged in getting their living through illegal methods. The only genuine monster was the young foreigner who passed gaily through these scenes of desolation, misinterpreting them to suit his childish fantasy.Шаблон:Sfn

Plot summary

Шаблон:Cquote Шаблон:Quote box After relocating to Weimar-era Berlin to work on a novel, an English writer explores the decadent nightlife of the city and becomes enmeshed in the colourful lives of a diverse array of Berlin denizens. He acquires modest lodgings in a boarding house owned by Fräulein Schroeder, a caring landlady.

At the boarding house, he interacts with the other tenants, including the brazen prostitute Fräulein Kost, who has a Japanese patron, and the decadent Sally Bowles, a young English flapper who sings tunelessly in a seedy cabaret called "The Lady Windermere". Due to a mutual lack of funds, Christopher and Sally soon become roommates,Шаблон:Efn and he learns a great deal about her sex life as well as her coterie of "marvelous" lovers.

When Sally becomes pregnant after a tryst, Christopher facilitates an abortion, and the painful incident draws them closer together.Шаблон:Efn When he visits Sally at the hospital, the hospital staff assume he is Sally's impregnator and despise him for forcing her to have an abortion. Later during the summer, Christopher resides at a beach house near the Baltic Sea with Peter Wilkinson and Otto Nowak, a gay couple struggling with their sexual identities. Jealous of Otto's endless flirtations with other men, Peter departs for England, and Christopher returns to Berlin to live with Otto's family, the Nowaks.

During this time, Christopher meets teenage Natalie Landauer whose wealthy Jewish family owns a department store. After the Nazis smash the windows of several Jewish shops, Christopher learns that Natalie's cousin Bernhard is dead, likely murdered by the Nazis. Ultimately, Christopher is forced to leave Germany as the Nazis continue their ascent to power, and he fears that many of his beloved Berlin acquaintances are now dead.

Major characters

  • Christopher IsherwoodШаблон:Sndan English writer who visits Berlin and becomes entangled in the lives of various locals. The character is based upon the author. Isherwood specifically relocated to poverty-stricken Berlin to avail himself of underage male prostitutes,[18]Шаблон:Sfn and he was politically indifferent about the rise of fascism.Шаблон:Sfn Jean Ross later claimed that Sally Bowles' political indifference more closely resembled Isherwood himself and his hedonistic male friends,Шаблон:Sfnm many of whom "fluttered around town exclaiming how sexy the storm troopers looked in their uniforms".Шаблон:Sfnm Ross' opinion of Isherwood's political indifference was confirmed by Isherwood's acquaintance W. H. Auden who noted the young Isherwood "held no [political] opinions whatever about anything".Шаблон:Sfn
  • Sally BowlesШаблон:Snda British cabaret singer with whom Christopher briefly shares a small Nollendorfstrasse flat. She has a number of sexual liaisons, becomes pregnant, and undergoes an abortion.Шаблон:Sfn The character was based upon 19-year-old Jean Ross.Шаблон:Sfn Like Ross, Sally attended the exclusive Leatherhead School in Surrey, England,Шаблон:Sfn and she hailed from a wealthy family.Шаблон:Sfn According to Isherwood, Sally should not be either viewed or interpreted as "a tart."Шаблон:Sfn Instead, Sally "is a little girl who has listened to what the grown-ups had said about tarts, and who was trying to copy those things".Шаблон:Sfn
  • Fräulein SchroederШаблон:Snda plump German landlady who owns the boarding house where Christopher and Sally reside. The character was based upon Fräulein Meta Thurau.Шаблон:Sfn According to Isherwood, Thurau "was tremendously intrigued by [Jean Ross'] looks and mannerisms, her makeup, her style of dressing, and above all, her stories about her love affairs. But she didn't altogether like Jean. For Jean was untidy and inconsiderate; she made a lot of extra work for her landladies. She expected room service and sometimes would order people around in an imperious tone, with her English upper-class rudeness".Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Quote box

  • Otto NowakШаблон:Snda handsome, gamine teenage boy whose family hosts Christopher after he returns from his vacation on the Baltic Sea. Otto was based on bisexual teenager Walter Wolff who had been born in eastern Germany prior to its transfer to Poland after the Treaty of Versailles.[19] Unwilling to become Polish citizens, Walter and his family moved to the Berlin slums after World War I.Шаблон:Sfn Although irrepressibly merry, Wolff was described by Isherwood as an incorrigible narcissist who cared little about the feelings of the men and women who pursued him.Шаблон:Sfn
  • Peter WilkinsonШаблон:Sndan English expatriate who sexually pursues Otto Nowak and then departs Germany due to Otto's flirtations with other men. The character was partly based on William Robson-Scott, a lecturer in English at Berlin University.Шаблон:Sfn Robson-Scott "was at this time homosexual and, according to Isherwood, occasionally paid boys to beat him."Шаблон:Sfn As three family members had died before he turned 15-years-old, Robson-Scott was "deeply apprehensive about life, believing that if one loved somebody the natural consequence of this would be their death."Шаблон:Sfn
  • Natalie LandauerШаблон:Sndan earnest young Jewish woman whose affluent family pays Christopher for English lessons. Natalie's cousin Bernhard is later murdered, presumably by Nazi street thugs. The character was loosely based upon Gisa Soleweitschick.Шаблон:Sfn[20] According to Soleweitschick, her mother had discerned quickly that Isherwood was "not interested in girls" and, accordingly, she trusted him as her daughter's unchaperoned companion.Шаблон:Sfn However, Gisa herself did not realise that Isherwood was gay, and she attributed his lack of sexual advances to his "fine English manners."Шаблон:Sfn
  • Klaus LinkeШаблон:Sndan itinerant musician who impregnates Sally and is based upon Peter van Eyck.Шаблон:Sfn Although some biographers identify van Eyck as Jewish,Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfnm others posit van Eyck was the wealthy scion of Prussian landowners in Pomerania.Шаблон:Sfn As an aristocrat, he was expected by his family to embark upon a military career but he became interested in jazz as a young man and pursued musical studies in Berlin.Шаблон:Sfnm
  • CliveШаблон:Snda wealthy playboy based upon American expatriate John Blomshield who inspired the enigmatic character of Baron Maximilian von Heune in the 1972 film adaptation.Шаблон:Sfnm[21] According to contradictory sources, Blomshield sexually pursued both Isherwood and Ross for a short while in Berlin, and he invited them to accompany him on a trip abroad to the United States. When they had agreed to go, he then abruptly disappeared without saying goodbye.[22]Шаблон:Sfnm Blomshield bluntly terminated his relationships in the same manner that Clive ends his affair with Sally.Шаблон:Sfn

Critical reception

Goodbye to Berlin received positive reviews by newspaper critics and contemporary writers.Шаблон:Sfnm Critics praised Isherwood's "flair for sheer story-telling" and his ability to spin "an engrossing tale without bothering you with a plot."Шаблон:Sfn In a review for The Observer, novelist L. P. Hartley wrote that Isherwood "is an artist to his finger-tips. If he were not, these sketches of pre-Hitlerian Berlin (the Nazi regime is coming into force when the book closes) would make still sadder reading, for all around is poverty, suspicion, and the threat of violence."Шаблон:Sfn Hartley concluded by noting that "if his glimpses are oblique and partial, they are also revealing: Goodbye to Berlin is a historical as well as a personal record."Шаблон:Sfn

Critic Anne Margaret Angus praised Isherwood's mastery in conveying the ingravescent despair of Berlin's denizens, "with their febrile emotionalism" and "their hopeless clinging to the pleasures of the moment".Шаблон:Sfn She believed Isherwood skillfully evoked "the psychological and emotional hotbed which forced the growth of that incredible tree, 'national socialism'."Шаблон:Sfn She concluded by noting that "suffering sometimes from too great restraint, his studies, when they do succeed, surely (and often painfully) enlarge our knowledge of human nature."Шаблон:Sfn

Contemporary writer and literary critic George Orwell likewise praised the novel.Шаблон:Sfn Although Orwell believed the work to be inferior to Isherwood's earlier novel, Mr Norris Changes Trains, he nonetheless believed that Goodbye to Berlin contained "brilliant sketches of a society in decay".Шаблон:Sfn In particular, Orwell singled out for praise the chapter titled "The Nowaks" which concerns a working-class Berlin family on the verge of destitution and disaster.Шаблон:Sfn "Reading such tales as this," Orwell observed, "the thing that surprises one is not that Hitler came to power, but that he did not do so several years earlier. The book ends with the triumph of the Nazis and Mr. Isherwood's departure from Berlin."Шаблон:Sfn

In her book Anti-Nazi Modernism: The Challenges of Resistance in 1930s Fiction, author Mia Spiro remarks that "despite that which they could not know, the novels that Barnes, Isherwood, and Woolf wrote do reveal the historical, cultural, political, and social conditions in 1930s Europe that made the continent ripe for disaster".Шаблон:Sfn

Adaptations

Шаблон:Further Шаблон:CSS image crop The novel was adapted by John Van Druten into a 1951 Broadway play called I Am a Camera. The play was a personal success for Julie Harris as the insouciant Sally Bowles, winning her the first of her five Tony Awards for Best Leading Actress, although it earned the infamous review by Walter Kerr, "Me no Leica."Шаблон:Sfn The play's title is a quote taken from the novel's first page ("I am a camera with its shutter open, quite passive, recording, not thinking.").Шаблон:Sfn The play was then adapted into a commercially successful film, also called I Am a Camera (1955), featuring Laurence Harvey, Shelley Winters and Julie Harris, with screenplay by John Collier and music by Malcolm Arnold.

The book was next adapted into the Tony Award-winning musical Cabaret (1966) and the film Cabaret (1972) for which Liza Minnelli won an Academy Award for playing Sally. Isherwood was highly critical of the 1972 film due to what he perceived as its negative portrayal of homosexuality.Шаблон:Sfn He noted that, "in the film of Cabaret, the male lead is called Brian Roberts. He is a bisexual Englishman; he has an affair with Sally and, later, with one of Sally's lovers, a German baron... Brian's homosexual tendency is treated as an indecent but comic weakness to be snickered at, like bed-wetting."Шаблон:Sfn

Isherwood's friends, especially the poet Stephen Spender, often lamented how the cinematic and stage adaptations of Goodbye to Berlin glossed over Weimar-era Berlin's crushing poverty: "There is not a single meal, or club, in the movie Cabaret, that Christopher and I could have afforded [in 1931]."Шаблон:Sfn Spender, Isherwood, W.H. Auden and others asserted that both the 1972 film and 1966 Broadway musical deleteriously glamorised the harsh realities of the 1930s Weimar era.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Influence

According to literary critics, the character of Sally Bowles in Goodbye to Berlin inspired Truman Capote's Holly Golightly in his later novella Breakfast at Tiffany's.[1]Шаблон:Sfn Critics have alleged that both scenes and dialogue in Capote's 1958 novella have direct equivalencies in Isherwood's earlier 1937 work.Шаблон:Sfn Capote had befriended Isherwood in New York in the late 1940s, and Capote was an admirer of Isherwood's novels.Шаблон:Sfn

References

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Works cited

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Шаблон:Refend

Шаблон:Cabaret Шаблон:Isherwood

Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Harvnb: "Truman Capote's Holly Golightly... the latter of whom is a tribute to Isherwood and his Sally Bowles..."
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: Isherwood frequented "the boy-bars in Berlin in the late years of the Weimar Republic.... [He] discovered a world utterly different from the repressive English one he disliked, and with it, the excitements of sex and new subject matter."
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Sally seems satisfied to be divinely decadent..."
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "The Sally character herself is this century's darling of divine decadence, an odd measure of how dear to us is this fiction of the 'shocking' British/American vamp in Weimar Berlin."
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Jean moved into a room in the Nollendorfstrasse flat after she met Christopher, early in 1931".
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Jean Ross, whom [Isherwood] had met in Berlin as one of his fellow-lodgers in the Nollendorfstrasse for a time, when she was earning her living as a (not very remarkable) singer in a second-rate cabaret."
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Jean never tried to seduce him [Isherwood]. But I remember a rainy, depressing afternoon when she remarked, 'What a pity we can't make love, there's nothing else to do,' and he agreed that it was and there wasn't".
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "On at least one occasion, because of some financial or housing emergency, they [Isherwood and Ross] shared a bed without the least embarrassment. Jean knew Otto and Christopher's other sex mates but showed no desire to share them, although he wouldn't have really minded".
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "...a sixteen-year-old Berliner named Heinz Neddermeyer... Isherwood realized that he 'had found someone emotionally innocent, entirely vulnerable and uncritical, whom he could protect and cherish as his very own.' In other words, he had found the person for whom he had been looking in all his relationships with adolescents."
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "The abortion is a turning point in the narrator's relationship with Sally and also in his relationship to Berlin and to his writing".
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Isherwood recognized that he could not remain in Berlin much longer and on April 5, the day measures were brought in to ban Jews from the teaching professions and the Civil Service, he arrived back in London, bringing with him many of his possessions."
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Erwin [Hansen] returned to Germany several years later. Someone told me that he was arrested by the Nazis and died in a concentration camp."
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "It was probably during the Berlin trip that Isherwood learned that the Nazis eventually caught up with his other companion on his 1933 journey to Greece, Erwin Hansen, who had died in a concentration camp."
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Heinz [Neddermeyer] might easily have been sentenced to an indefinite term in a concentration camp, as many homosexuals were...Like the Jews, homosexuals were often put into 'liquidation' units, in which they were given less food and more work than other prisoners. Thus, thousands of them died."
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Sally's attractiveness is also diminished by two anti-Semitic remarks she makes, which are omitted in all the postwar adaptations".
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "This job at the Lady Windermere only lasts another week. I got it through a man I met at the Eden Bar. But he's gone off to Vienna now. I must ring up the Ufa people again, I suppose. And then there's an awful old Jew who takes me out sometimes. He's always promising to get me a contract; but he only wants to sleep with me, the old swine."
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "It was Berlin itself he was hungry to meet; the Berlin Wystan had promised him. To Christopher, Berlin meant Boys. At school, Christopher had fallen in love with many boys and had been yearningly romantic about them. At college he had at last managed to get into bed with one."
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "He was principally heterosexual, but he enjoyed sex wherever he found it and was easily aroused by Isherwood's physical infatuation with him."
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: As the Nazis seized power, Gisa Soleweitschick "left Berlin to continue her studies in Paris".
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Although married, Blomshield was entirely homosexual and had the sort of unlimited funds that enabled him to enjoy the city in a way Isherwood never could. He was also generous, and decided that Isherwood, Spender and Jean Ross should be given a taste of the high life. 'He altered our lives for about a week,' Spender recalled—a week Isherwood re-created in Goodbye to Berlin, where Blomshield inspired the character of Clive, the rich young man who takes up, treats and then unceremoniously dumps Chris and Sally."
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "... the American thrilled them by inviting them to come with him to the States and then dashed their hopes by leaving Berlin abruptly, without saying goodbye."
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