Английская Википедия:Goods and services
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:More footnotes Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Multiple image Шаблон:Capitalism sidebar Шаблон:Economics sidebar Goods are items that are usually (but not always) tangible, such as pens or apples. Services are activities provided by other people, such as teachers or barbers. Taken together, it is the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services which underpins all economic activity and trade. According to economic theory, consumption of goods and services is assumed to provide utility (satisfaction) to the consumer or end-user, although businesses also consume goods and services in the course of producing other goods and services (see: Distribution: Channels and intermediaries).
History
Physiocratic economists categorized production into productive labour and unproductive labour. Adam Smith expanded this thought by arguing that any economic activities directly related to material products (goods) were productive, and those activities which involved non-material production (services) were unproductive. This emphasis on material production was adapted by David Ricardo, Thomas Robert Malthus and John Stuart Mill, and influenced later Marxian economics. Other, mainly Italian, 18th-century economists maintained that all desired goods and services were productive.[1]
Service-goods continuum
The division of consumables into services is a simplification: these are not discrete categories. Most business theorists see a continuum with pure service at one endpoint and pure tangible commodity goods at the other. Most products fall between these two extremes. For example, a restaurant provides a physical good (prepared food), but also provides services in the form of ambience, the setting and clearing of the table, etc. Although some utilities, such as electricity and communications service providers, exclusively provide services, other utilities deliver physical goods, such as water utilities. For public sector contracting purposes, the electricity supply is defined among goods rather than services in the European Union,[2] whereas under United States federal procurement regulations, it is treated as a service.[3]
Goods are normally structural and can be transferred in an instant while services are delivered over a period of time. Goods can be returned while a service, once delivered cannot.[4] Goods are not always tangible and may be virtual e.g. a book may be paper or electronic.
Marketing theory makes use of the service-goods continuum as an important concept[5] which "enables marketers to see the relative goods/services composition of total products".[6]
In a narrower sense, service refers to quality of customer service: the measured appropriateness of assistance and support provided to a customer. This particular usage occurs frequently in retailing.[7]
In international law
Distinctions are made between goods and services in the context of international trade liberalization. For example, the World Trade Organization's General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) covers international trade in goods[8] and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) covers the services sector.[9]
See also
- Commodity (Marxism)
- Fast-moving consumer goods
- Goods and services tax
- List of countries by GDP sector composition
- Tertiary sector of the economy
- Three-sector model
- Universal basic services
References
Further reading
- Шаблон:Cite book 274 pages.
- Шаблон:Cite book 64 pages.
- Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations Шаблон:Webarchive at Project Gutenberg
External links
- International Classification of Goods and Services at World Intellectual Property Organization
- Electronic Code of Federal Regulations at Code of Federal Regulations
- Nice Agreement Tenth Edition – General Remarks, Class Headings and Explanatory Notes – Version 2012
Шаблон:Microeconomics Шаблон:Economics
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ UK Legislation. "The Public Contracts Regulations 2006" Шаблон:Webarchive. Regulation 2(1) s.v. "goods". Retrieved 25 June 2015
- ↑ Federal Acquisition Regulation, Subpart 41.2 — Acquiring Utility Services Шаблон:Webarchive, accessed 12 May 2018
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Indiaclass, "Goods Service Continuum". Accessed 25 June 2015. Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Bachelors of Management Students Portal (BMS.co.in). "Explain the Goods-Service Continuum" Шаблон:Webarchive, accessed 25 June 2015
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ WTO, GATT and the Goods Council Шаблон:Webarchive accessed 17 November 2015
- ↑ WTO, Services trade Шаблон:Webarchive, accessed 17 November 2015