Английская Википедия:Gorakhnath

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Gorakhnath (also known as Goraksanath (Sanskrit: Gorakṣanātha), c. early 11th century) was a Hindu yogi, saint who was the founder of the Nath Hindu monastic movement in India.Шаблон:Sfn He is considered one of the two disciples of Matsyendranath. His followers are known as Jogi, Gorakhnathi, Darshani or Kanphata.Шаблон:Sfn

He was one of nine saints, or Navnath, and is known in Maharashtra, India.Шаблон:Sfn Hagiographies describe him to be a person outside the laws of time who appeared on earth during different ages.Шаблон:Sfn Historians agree that Gorakhnath lived sometime during the first half of the 2nd millennium CE, but there is some disagreement about which century he lived. Estimates based on archaeological and textual evidence range from Briggs' estimate of the 11th to 12th centuryШаблон:Sfn to Grierson's estimate of the 14th century.Шаблон:Sfn

Gorakhnath is considered a Maha-yogi (or "great yogi") in Hindu tradition.Шаблон:Sfn He did not emphasise a specific metaphysical theory or a particular Truth, but emphasised that the search for Truth and the spiritual life is a valuable and normal goal of man.Шаблон:Sfn Gorakhnath championed Yoga, spiritual discipline and an ethical life of self-determination as a means to reaching samadhi.Шаблон:Sfn

Gorakhnath, his ideas, and his yogis have been popular in rural India, with monasteries and temples dedicated to him found in many states of India, particularly in the eponymous city of Gorakhpur.

Biography

Historian accounts

Файл:Guru Nanak in-discussion with Gorakhnath, painting from an 1830's Janamsakhi (life stories) 02.jpg

Painting from an 1830's Janamsakhi manuscript depicting a meeting and discussion between Gorakhnath (wearing orange) and Guru Nanak (wearing green).

Historians disagree on when Gorakhnath lived. Briggs estimates 11th to 12th century,Шаблон:Sfn while Abbott argues that Baba Farid documents and Jnanesvari manuscripts place Gorakhnath in the 13th century.Шаблон:Sfn Grierson, relying on evidence discovered in Gujarat, suggests the 14th century.Шаблон:Sfn Gorakhnath is referenced in the poetry of Kabir and of Guru Nanak of Sikhism, which describe him as a very powerful leader with a large following.Шаблон:Sfn

Historical texts imply that Gorakhnath was a Buddhist in a region influenced by Shaivism, but then converted to Hinduism, championing Shiva and Yoga.Шаблон:Sfn Gorakhnath led a life as a exponent of ideas of Kumarila and Adi Shankara that championed the Yogic and Advaita Vedanta interpretation of the Upanishads.Шаблон:Sfn Gorakhnath considered the controversy between dualism and nondualism in medieval India as useless from a practical point of view. According to Banerjea, He emphasised that the choice is that of the yogi, and that spiritual discipline and practice by either path leads to "perfectly illumined samadhi state of the individual phenomenal consciousness.".Шаблон:Sfn

Hagiographic accounts

The hagiography on Gorakhnath describe his appearance on earth several times.Шаблон:Sfn The legends do not provide a birth time or place, and consider him to be superhuman.Шаблон:Sfn North Indian hagiographies suggest he originated from northwest India (Punjab, with some mentioning Peshawar).Шаблон:Sfn Other hagiographies in Bengal and Bihar suggest he originated from eastern region of India (Assam).Шаблон:Sfn

Available hagiographies offer varying records of the spiritual descent of Gorakhnath. All name Adinath and Matsyendranath as two teachers preceding him, though one account lists five gurus preceding Adinath, and another lists six teachers between Matsyendranath and Gorakhnath. Current tradition has Adinath placed with Shiva as the direct teacher of Matsyendranath, who was himself the direct teacher of Gorakhnath.Шаблон:Sfn

Nath Sampradaya

The Nath tradition states that it existed before Gorakhnath, but the movement's expansion happened under the guidance and inspiration of Gorakhnath. He produced a number of writings and even today is consideredШаблон:By whom the greatest of the Naths. It has been purportedШаблон:Weasel inline that Gorakhnath wrote the first books on Laya yoga. In India there are many caves, many with temples built over them, where it is said that Gorakhnath spent time in meditation. According to Bhagawan Nityananda, the samadhi shrine (tomb) of Gorakhnath is at Nath Mandir near the Vajreshwari temple about one kilometre from Ganeshpuri, Maharashtra, India. Legends state that Gorakhnath and Matsyendranath did penance in Kadri Temple at Mangalore, Karnataka. They were also instrumental in laying Shivlingam at Kadri and Dharmasthala.

The temple of Gorakhnath is situated on hill called Garbhagiri near Vambori, Tal Rahuri; Dist Ahmednagar. There is also a temple of Gorakhnath in the state of Odisha.

Gorakhnath Math

Файл:Gorakhnath mandir.jpg

Gorakhnath mandir in Gorakhpur, India

The Gorakhnath Math is a monastery of the Nath monastic group named after the medieval saint, Gorakhnath (c. 11th century), of the Nath sampradaya. The math and town of Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh is named after him. The monastery and the temple perform various cultural and social activities and serve as the cultural hub of the city. The monastery also publishes texts on the philosophy of Gorakhnath.Шаблон:Sfn

A shrine existed at the site from older times which was converted into a mosque by Ala-ud-din Khilji.Шаблон:Sfn A smaller shrine was built by Nath Sampraday's followers at a later time. Later additions were made in 18th, 19th and 20th century by devotees and yogis of the order. The math is situated in a Muslim majority area and is a centre of syncretism among devotees and visitors from diverse communal background.

Influence

Hatha yoga

Some scholars associate the origins of Hatha yoga with the Nath yogis, in particular Gorakhnath and his guru Matsyendranath.Шаблон:Sfn According to British indologist James Mallinson, this association is false. In his view, the origins of hatha yoga should be associated with the Dashanami Sampradaya of Advaita VedantaШаблон:Sfn (Hinduism), the mystical figure of Dattatreya,Шаблон:Sfn and the Rāmānandīs.Шаблон:Sfn

While the origins of Hatha yoga are disputed, according to Guy Beck, a professor of Religious Studies known for his studies on Yoga and music, "the connections between Goraknath, the Kanphatas and Hatha yoga are beyond question".Шаблон:Sfn

Langars (community kitchens)

Файл:Fresco depicting Gorakhnath from Udasi Chitta Akhara in Amritsar.jpg

Fresco depicting Gorakhnath from Udasi Chitta Akhara in Amritsar

According to Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, a professor in Asian languages and cultures, the Gorakhnath orders were operating free community kitchens in Punjab before Guru Nanak founded Sikhism. Gorakhnath shrines have continued to operate a langar and provide a free meal to pilgrims who visit.

Nepal

Шаблон:Main The Gurkhas of Nepal take their name from Gorakhnath.Шаблон:Sfn Gorkha, a historical district of Nepal, is also named after him.

A cave exists in Gorkha with his paduka (footprints) and an idol. Every year, on the day of Baisakh Purnima, a celebration known as Rot Mahotsav takes place in the cave; it has purportedly been celebrated for the last seven hundred years.

According to William Northey and John Morris, legend states that a disciple of Machendra by name Gorakhnath once visited Nepal and retired to a small hill near Deo Patan. There, he meditated in an unmovable state for twelve years. The locals built a temple in his honour there.

Siddhar tradition

In the Siddhar tradition of Tamil Nadu, Gorakhnath is one of the 18 esteemed Siddhars of yore, and is also known as Korakkar. Siddhar Agastya and Siddhar Bhogar were his gurus. There is a temple in Vadukku Poigainallur, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu which specifically houses his Jeeva Samadhi. According to one account, he spent much of his youth in the Velliangiri Mountains, Coimbatore.

There are various other shrines honouring Korakkar, including ones located in Perur, Thiruchendur and Trincomalee. Korakkar Caves are found in both Sathuragiri and the Kolli Hills, where he is noted to have practised his sadhana. Like his colleagues, the 18 Siddhars, Korakkar wrote cryptic Tamil poetry pertaining to medicine, philosophy and alchemy. He was one of the first to use cannabis in his medicinal preparations for certain ailments; as a result, it gained the name Korakkar Mooligai (Korakkar's Herb).

West Bengal – Assam – Tripura - Bangladesh

The Bengali Hindu community in the states of West Bengal, Tripura, and Assam, and the country Bangladesh have a sizeable number of people belonging to the Nath Sampradaya, named as Nath or Yogi Nath, who have taken the name from Gorakhnath. They were marginalised in Medieval Bengal.

Works

Romola Butalia, an Indian writer of Yoga history, lists the works attributed to Gorakhnath as including the Gorakṣaśataka, Goraksha Samhita, Goraksha Gita, Siddha Siddhanta Paddhati, Yoga Martanda, Yoga Siddhanta Paddhati, Yogabīja, Yogacintamani.Шаблон:Cn

Siddha Siddhanta Paddhati

The Siddha Siddhanta Paddhati is a Hatha Yoga Sanskrit text attributed to Gorakhnath by the Nath tradition. According to Feuerstein (1991: p. 105), it is "one of the earliest hatha yoga scriptures, the Siddha Siddhanta Paddhati, contains many verses that describe the avadhuta" (liberated) yogi.Шаблон:Sfn

The Siddha Siddhanta Paddhati text is based on an advaita (nonduality) framework, where the yogi sees "himself in all beings, and all in himself" including the identity of the individual soul (Atman) with the universal (Brahman).Шаблон:Sfn This idea appears in the text in various forms, such as the following:

See also

• Gorakh Aya
• Maya Machhindra
• Gorakhnath Temple
• Yogi Nath
• Gorakh Hill
• Korakkar
• Ratan Nath Temple
• Tilla Jogian
• List of Hindu gurus and saints

References

Sources

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book (2009 Reprint)
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal

Further reading

• Adityanath (2005). GorakhnathШаблон:Dead link. Retrieved 7 March 2006.
• Romola Butalia (2003). In the Presence of the Masters. Delhi, India: Motilal Banarsidass. Шаблон:ISBN
• Dhallapiccola, Anna. Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend. Шаблон:ISBN
• Gordan Djurdjevic & Shukdev Singh, Sayings of Gorakhnāth: Annotated Translation of the Gorakh Bānī, Шаблон:ISBN, Oxford University Press, 2019.
• Mahendranath, Shri Gurudev. Notes on Pagan India. Retrieved 7 March 2006.

External links

• Шаблон:Internet Archive author
• Bibliography of Goraksanatha's works, Item 666 Шаблон:Webarchive, Karl Potter, University of Washington