Английская Википедия:Gorani people

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox ethnic group

The Gorani (Шаблон:IPA-sh, Шаблон:Cyrl) or Goranci (Шаблон:IPA-sh, Шаблон:Cyrl), are a Slavic Muslim ethnic group inhabiting the Gora region—the triangle between Kosovo, Albania, and North Macedonia. They number an estimated 60,000 people, and speak a transitional South Slavic dialect, called Goranski. The vast majority of the Gorani people adhere to Sunni Islam.[1]

Name

The ethnonym Goranci, meaning "highlanders", is derived from the Slavic toponym gora, which means "hill, mountain".[2]Шаблон:Sfn Another autonym of this people is Našinci,[3] which literally means "our people, our ones".

In Macedonian sources, the Gorani are sometimes grouped together with Torbeši.Шаблон:Sfn

In the Albanian language, they are known as Goranët[4] and sometimes by other exonyms, such as Bullgarët ("Bulgarians"),[5] Torbesh[2] ("bag carriers") and Poturë ("turkified", from po-tur, literally not Turk but, "turkified", used for Islamized Slavs).[6]

Population

Файл:Ethnic map of Kosovo, municipalities (1991).png
Former Gora municipality in AP Kosovo and Metohija, SR Serbia, marked in blue.

Some of the local Gorani people have over time also self declared themselves as Serbs,[7][8][9] Albanians, Macedonians, Bosniaks, Muslim Bulgarians, Turks, or just as Muslims, due to geopolitical circumstances and in censuses.[10]Шаблон:Sfn

In Kosovo, the Gorani number 10,265 inhabitants,[11] which is drastically lower than before the Kosovo War. In 1998, it was estimated that their total population number was at least 50,000.[12]

Settlements

In Albania, there are nine [2] Gorani-inhabited villages: Zapod, Pakisht, Orçikël, Kosharisht, Cernalevë, Orgjost, Oreshkë, Borje and Shishtavec.[13][14]

In Kosovo, there are 18[2] Gorani-inhabited villages: Baćka, Brod, Vranište, Globočice, Gornja Rapča, Gornji Krstac, Dikance, Donja Rapča, Donji Krstac, Zli Potok, Kruševo, Kukaljane, Lještane, Ljubošta, Mlike, Orčuša, Radeša, and Restelica, plus the town of Dragash.[15][16]

Following 1999, Dragash has a mixed population of Gorani, who live in the lower neighbourhood, and Albanians in the upper neighbourhood constituting the majority of inhabitants.[16]

In North Macedonia, there are two Gorani-inhabited villages located in the Polog region: Jelovjane and Urvič.[17][18][19][20]

History

Шаблон:Main

Contemporary

The Gora municipality and Opoja region remained separated during the Milošević period.[16] After the war, the Gorani-majority Gora municipality was merged with the Albanian inhabited Opoja region to form the municipality of Dragash by the United Nations Mission (UNMIK) and the new administrative unit has an Albanian majority.[16][2][21]

In 2007 the Kosovar provisional institutions opened a school in Gora to teach the Bosnian language, which sparked minor consternation amongst the Gorani population. Many Gorani refuse to send their children to school due to societal prejudices, and threats of assimilation to Bosniaks or Albanians. Consequently, Gorani organized education per Serbia's curriculum.

Gorani activists in Serbia's proper stated they want Gora (a former municipality) to join the Association of Serb Municipalities, causing added pressure on the Gorani Community in Kosovo.[22]

In 2018 Bulgarian activists among Gorani have filed a petition in the country's parliament demanding their official recognition as a separate minority.[23]

Most Gorani state that the unstable situation and economic issues drive them to leave Kosovo. There is also some mention of threats and discrimination by ethnic Albanians.[24]

Apart from the multiethnic town of Dragash, the Gorani of Kosovo continue to live in villages primarily inhabited by their community and relations with Albanians remain tense.[16] Mixed marriage between both communities do not occur with the exception of a few Gorani families that have migrated to Prizren.[16]

Culture

Religion

Файл:Centralna džamija Restelica, Kosovo.jpg
Mosque in Restelica

In the 18th century, a wave of Islamization began in Gora.[1] The Ottoman abolition of the Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid and Serbian Patriarchate of Peć in 1766/1767 is thought to have prompted the Islamization of Gora as was the trend of many Balkan communities.[25] The last Christian Gorani, Božana, died in the 19th century – she has received a cult, signifying the Gorani's Christian heritage, collected by Russian consuls Anastasiev and Yastrebov in the second half of the 19th century.[1]

Traditions

The Gorani are known for being "the best confectioners and bakers" in former Yugoslavia.[26]

The Slavs of Gora were Christianized after 864 when Bulgaria adopted Christianity. The Ottomans conquered the region in the 14th century, which started the process of Islamization of the Gorani and neighbouring Albanians. However, the Gorani still tangentially observe some Orthodox Christian traditions, such as Slavas and Đurđevdan, and like Serbs they know their Onomastik or saint's days.

Gorani are Sunni Muslims and Sufism and in particular the Halveti and Bektashi Sufi orders are widespread.

Traditional Gorani folk music includes a two-beat dance called "oro" ('circle'), which is a circle dance focused on the foot movements: it always starts on the right foot and moves in an anti-clockwise direction. The Oro is usually accompanied by instruments such as curlje, kaval, čiftelija or tapan, and singing is used less frequently in the dances than in those of the Albanians and Serbs.

The "national" sport of Pelivona is a form of oil wrestling popular among Gorani with regular tournaments being held in the outdoors to the accompaniment of curlje and tapan with associated ritualized hand gestures and dances, with origins in the Middle East through the Ottoman Empire's conquest of the Balkans.

Another popular drink is Turkish coffee which is drunk in small cups accompanied by a glass of water. Tasseography is popular among all Gorani using the residue of Turkish coffee.

Language

Файл:Torlak dialects map en.png
A geographical distribution of the Torlakian dialect with marked Gora area

The Gorani people speak South Slavic, a local dialect known as "Našinski"[13] or "Goranski", which is part of a wider Torlakian dialect,[27] spoken in Southern Serbia, Western Bulgaria and part of North Macedonia. The Slavic dialect of the Gorani community is known as Gorançe by Albanians.[13] Within the Gorani community there is a recognition of their dialects being closer to the Macedonian language, than to Serbian.[28] The Torlakian dialect is a transitional dialect of Serbian and Bulgarian whilst also sharing features with Macedonian. The Gorani speech is classified as an Old-Shtokavian dialect of Serbian, the Prizren-Timok dialect.

Bulgarian linguists classify the Gorani dialect as part of a Bulgarian dialectal area.[29] Despite not bordering Bulgaria and being an Islamic nation, the Gorani are a target of Bulgarian irredentism on the belief that if the Gora dialect is Bulgarian, then all Macedonian dialects are Bulgarian.[30] Illustrating the Bulgarian interest is the first Gorani–Albanian dictionary (with 43,000 words and phrases) in 2007 by Albanian-Gorani scholar Nazif Dokle, sponsored and printed by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.[31] In this dictionary, Dokle defined the language as related to "the Bulgarian dialects spoken in the northwest" North Macedonia.[31][32][33]

Within scholarship, the Goran dialects previously classified as belonging to Serbian have been reassigned to Macedonian in the 21st century.[28]

Gorani speech has numerous loan words, being greatly influenced by Turkish and Arabic due to the influence of Islam, as well as Albanian areally. It is similar to the Bosnian language because of the numerous Turkish loanwords. Gorani speak Serbo-Croatian in school.Шаблон:Sfn

According to the last 1991 Yugoslav census, 54.8% of the inhabitants of the Gora municipality said that they spoke the Gorani language, while the remainder had called it Serbian.[34] Some linguists, including Vidoeski, Brozovic and Ivic, identify the Slavic-dialect of the Gora region as Macedonian.[35] There are assertions that Macedonian is spoken in 50 to 75 villages in the Gora region (Albania and Kosovo).[36] According to some unverified sources in 2003 the Kosovo government acquired Macedonian language and grammar books for Gorani school.[37]

In 2008 the first issue of a Macedonian language newspaper, Гороцвет (Gorocvet) was published.[38]

Шаблон:Hidden begin

Verno libe
Gledaj me gledaj libe, abe verno libe,
nagledaj mi se dur ti som ovde.
Utre ke odim abe verno libe dalek-dalek
na pusti Gurbet.
Racaj poracaj libe šo da ti kupim.
Ti da mi kupiš
abe gledaniku cerna šamija, ja da ga nosim
abe gledaniku i da ga želam.
Racaj poracaj abe verno
libe šo da ti pratim
Ti da mi pratiš abe
gledaniku šarena knjiga
Ja da ga pujem abe

gledaniku i da ga želam Шаблон:Hidden end

Politics

Notable Gorani

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Books
Journals
Symposia

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Ethnic groups in Kosovo Шаблон:Ethnic groups in North Macedonia Шаблон:Ethnic groups in Serbia Шаблон:European Muslims Шаблон:Slavic ethnic groups Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Бурсаћ 2000, pp. 71-73 (Орхан Драгаш)
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 Шаблон:Harvnb
  3. ↑ Xhelal Ylli, Erlangen: "Sprache und Identität bei den Gorani in Albanien: 'Nie sme nasinci'."Шаблон:Page needed
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal "Goranët jetojnë në krahinën e Gorës, që sot ndahet mes shteteve të Shqipërisë, të Kosovës etë Maqedonisë, krahinë nga ku e marrin edhe emrin."
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Dokle, Nazif. Reçnik Goransko (Nashinski) -albanski, Sofia 2007, Peçatnica Naukini akademiji "Prof. Marin Drinov", s. 5, 11
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  11. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Kosovo-2011-census не указан текст
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 Шаблон:Cite book "In den 17 Dörfern des Kosovo wird Našinski/Goranče gesprochen, und sie gehören zu einer Gemeinde mit dem Verwaltungszentrum in Dragaš. Die 19 Dörfer in Albanien sind hingegen auf drei Gemeinden des Bezirks Kukës aufgeteilt, und zwar auf Shishtavec, Zapod und Topojan. Slavophone findet man freilich nur in den ersten beiden Gemeinden. Zur Gemeinde Shishtavec gehören sieben Dörfer und in den folgenden vier wird Našinski/Goranče gesprochen: Shishtavec (Šištaec/Šišteec), Borja (Borje), Cërnaleva (Cărnolevo/Cărneleve) und Oreshka (Orešek). Zur Gemeinde Zapod gehören ebenfalls sieben Dörfer, und in den folgenden fünf wird Našinski/Goranče gesprochen: Orgjost (Orgosta), Kosharisht (Košarišta), Pakisht (Pakiša/Pakišča) Zapod (Zapod) und Orçikla (Orčikl’e/Očikl’e)’. In der Gemeinde Topojan gibt es inzwischen keine slavophone Bevölkerung mehr. Die Einwohner selbst bezeichnen sich gewöhnlich als Goranen ‘Einwohner von Gora oder Našinci Unsrige, und ihre Sprache wird von ihnen als Našinski und von den Albanern als Gorançe bezeichnet."
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb [1]
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 16,4 16,5 Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book "Данашњи становници Урвича и Јеловјана на супротној, полошкој страни Шар-Планине, пореклом су Горани. Много су више утицале на исељавање Горана политичке промене, настале после 1912 године. Тада се скоро четвртина становништва иселила у Турску, за коју су се преко вере и дуге управе били интимно везали. Још једна миграција јаче је захватила Горане, али не у нашој земљи, него оне који су остали у границама Арбаније."
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  23. ↑ Bulgarian National Radio, Ethnic Bulgarians in Kosovo demand recognition of their community. Published on 5/30/18.
  24. ↑ Update on the Kosovo Roma, Ashkaelia, Egyptian, Serb, Bosniak, Gorani and Albanian communities in a minority situation, UNHCR Kosovo, June 2004
  25. ↑ Religion and the Politics of Identity in KosovoШаблон:Page needed
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  27. ↑ Browne, Wayles (2002): Serbo-Croat. In: Bernard Comrie, Greville G. Corbett (eds.), The Slavonic Languages. London: Taylor & Francis. [2]. p. 383
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 Шаблон:Cite book "The Gorans, who are also Muslim, have a separate identity. The Goran dialects used to be classed with Serbian, but have more recently been assigned to Macedonian, and Gorans themselves recognize that their dialects are closer to Macedonian than to Serbian."
  29. ↑ Младенов, Стефан. Пътешествие из Македония и Поморавия, в: Научна експедиция в Македония и Поморавието 1916, София 1993, с. 184. (Mladenov, Stefan. Journey through Macedonia and Pomoraviya, in: Scientific expeditions in Macedonia and Pomoraviya 1916, Sofia 1993, p. 184) Асенова, Петя. Архаизми и балканизми в един изолиран български говор (Кукъска Гора, Албания), Балканистични четения, посветени на десетата годишнина на специалност "Балканистика" в СУ "Св. Климент Охридски", ФСлФ, София, 17-19 май 2004 (Assenova, Petya. Archaisms and Balkanisms in an isolated Bulgarian dialect (Kukas Gora, Albania), Balkan studies readings on the tenth anniversary of the major Balkan studies in Sofia University, 17–19 May 2004)
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 Dokle, Nazif. Reçnik Goransko (Nashinski) - Albanski, Sofia 2007, Peçatnica Naukini akademiji "Prof. Marin Drinov", s. 5, 11, 19 (Nazif Dokle. Goranian (Nashinski) - Albanian Dictionary, Sofia 2007, Published by Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, p. 5, 11, 19)
  32. ↑ Raymond Detrez, Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria; Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Rowman & Littlefield, 2014, Шаблон:ISBN, p. 225.
  33. ↑ Vasil Belo, Nazif Dokle – a Devoted Local Erudite of Gora, Albania, Bulgariaca, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2020, Issue 41, pp. 71-74, Language: Bulgarian.
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  37. ↑ Focus News (4 July 2003) Kosovo Government Acquires Macedonian language and grammar books for Gorani Minority Schools
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  40. ↑ 40,0 40,1 Шаблон:Cite web
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