Английская Википедия:Gordon Bennett Trophy (aeroplanes)
The Gordon Bennett Aviation Trophy is an international airplane racing trophy that was awarded by James Gordon Bennett Jr., the American owner and publisher of the New York Herald newspaper. The trophy is one of three Gordon Bennett awards: Bennett was also the sponsor of an automobile race and a ballooning competition.[1][2]
The terms of the trophy competition were the same as those of the Schneider Trophy: each race was hosted by the nation which had won the preceding race, and the trophy would be won outright by the nation whose team won the race three times in succession. Accordingly, after Joseph Sadi-Lecointe's victory in 1920 the Trophy became the permanent possession of the Aéro-Club de France.[1]
History
Following the success of the Gordon Bennett balloon competition, which had become the most important competition for the sport, Gordon Bennett announced a competition for powered aircraft in December 1908, commissioning a trophy from André Aucoc, the sculptor who had created the trophies for both the balloon and automobile competitions. Formulation of the competition rules was entrusted to the Aéro-Club de France.[3] It was decided that each competing nation would be allowed to field a team of three competitors.
The 1909 competition was held as part of the Grande Semaine d'Aviation held at Reims in France, and consisted of two laps of a Шаблон:Convert circuit. Like the subsequent competitions, it was not a direct race, but a time trial, with competitors taking off separately. As aircraft became faster and their engines more reliable, the distance to be covered was increased each year.
The last competition was held in 1920 in the French communes of Orléans and Étampes. Unlike those held before the First World War which were over short courses marked by pylons, the competition was held between two points Шаблон:Convert apart because of the growing speed of aircraft. Joseph Sadi-Lecointe won in a time of 1 hour, 6 minutes and 17.2 seconds, while fellow French aviator Bernard de Roumanet finished second in a time of 1 hour, 39 minutes and 6.9 seconds.[4]
Competition winners
| Year | Location | Winning pilot | Aircraft type | Distance | Time | Speed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1909 | Reims, France | Glenn Curtiss[5] | Curtiss No. 2 | Шаблон:Convert | 15 min 50.6 s | Шаблон:Convert |
| 1910 | Belmont Park, New York, US | Claude Grahame-White | Blériot XI | Шаблон:Convert | 1 h 1 min 4.74 s[6] | Шаблон:Convert |
| 1911 | Eastchurch, England | Charles Weymann[7] | Nieuport II | Шаблон:Convert | 1 h 11 min 36.2 s | Шаблон:Convert |
| 1912 | Clearing, Illinois, US | Jules Védrines | Deperdussin 1912 Racing Monoplane | Шаблон:Convert | 1 h 10 min 56 s[8] | Шаблон:Convert |
| 1913 | Reims, France | Maurice Prevost[9] | Deperdussin Monocoque | Шаблон:Convert | 59 min 45.6 s | Шаблон:Convert |
| 1920 | Orléans/Étampes, France[10] | Joseph Sadi-Lecointe[11] | Nieuport 29 | Шаблон:Convert | 1 h 6 min 17.2 s | Шаблон:Convert |
The 1914 race was to have been held at Reims between 19 September and 28 September,[12] but was cancelled due to the outbreak of the First World War. There was no contest in 1919.[13]
1909
The selection trial for the French team was held on the first day of the Grande Semaine d'Aviation. Hampered by gusty winds and rain which turned the grass flying-field to glutinous mud, many of the twenty entrants were unable to take off, and none managed to complete the necessary two laps. Eugène Lefebvre, flying Wright biplane put up the best performance, nearly completing the course; Louis Blériot, who had managed to fly about 2.5 km in a Blériot XI put up the next-best performance. It was decided that the third place would be given on the basis of performance in the speed competition to be held that afternoon, and was taken by Hubert Latham.[14]
The Wrights themselves had passed on an invitation to compete at Reims, though it seemed awkward since the Gordon Bennett Trophy was crowned with a large replica of a Wright Flyer. The Aero Club of America, which had sponsored the Scientific American trophy won by Curtiss a year earlier, turned to him. His aircraft was not as well developed as the Wright machines and while it was more maneuverable than the European aircraft, it was not nearly as fast. Despite this disadvantage, in the race for the cup on August 28, 1909, Curtiss won in 15 minutes and 50.4 seconds. Blériot finished second place with a time of 15 minutes and 56.2 seconds, 5.8 seconds more than Curtiss.[1][2][15]
| Nationality | Pilot | Aircraft Type | Position | Time | Speed | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | Louis Blériot | Blériot XII | Second | 15 min 56.2 s | Шаблон:Convert | |
| France | Hubert Latham | Antoinette VII | Third | 17 min 32 s | Шаблон:Convert | |
| France | Eugène Lefebvre | Wright Model A | Fourth | 20 min 47.6 s | Шаблон:Convert | |
| United Kingdom | George Bertram Cockburn | Farman III | Did not finish course | |||
| United States | Glenn Curtiss | Curtiss No. 2 | First | 15 min 50.4 s | Шаблон:Convert |
1910
The 1910 competition was held at the Belmont Park racetrack in New York as the culminating event of a week-long aviation meet. The 5 km course marked out for the competition attracted strong criticism from the competing pilots. Alfred Leblanc, captain of the French team, described it as a death-trap because of the obstacles which would hinder any pilot trying to make an emergency landing, and a tight turn less than 30 m (100 ft) from one of the grandstands was christened "Dead Man's Corner" by the press. However, the race proceeded as planned.[16]
Contestants were permitted to start at any time during a seven-hour period on the day of the race. Claude Grahame-White was first to take off at 8:42, flying a Blériot XI powered by a 100 hp Gnome Double Omega and completing his first lap in 3 minutes 15 seconds. He was followed by Alec Ogilvie flying a Wright Model R at 9:08 and Alfred Leblanc at 9:20. Leblanc, who was the chief pilot for the Blériot company, was flying a 100 hp Blériot XI differing slightly from Grahame-White's, with a different propeller and a reduced wingspan. Leblanc's aircraft was clearly faster: after four laps his time was 1 minute 20 seconds better than Grahame-White's and he completed his nineteenth lap after 52 minutes 49.6 seconds in the air, Grahame -White having completed the 20 lap course in 1 hour 1 minute 4.47 seconds. However half-way round the last lap Leblanc's engine stopped, either through fuel shortage or the breakage of a fuel line, and he had to make a forced landing, colliding with a telegraph pole but fortunately escaping serious injury.[17]
Meanwhile, Alec Ogilvie had been forced to land by engine problems after 13 laps after a delay of 54 minutes he took off again and eventually completed the course in a total time of 2h 26m 36.6s, good enough to gain him third place.
Walter Brookins, flying the Wright "Baby Grand", was about to take off when Leblanc crashed, and decided to fly to the scene of the accident to see if he could help. However shortly after takeoff a connecting rod broke and his aircraft was wrecked in the subsequent forced landing. Brooking was unhurt.[18] Hubert Latham took off at 10:59, but his attempt was plagued by engine failures, and he spent about four hours on the ground making repairs, eventually completing the course in 5h 48m 53s, an average speed of Шаблон:Convert.
Shortly before the latest permitted takeoff time John Drexel and John Moisant, both flying Blériot IXs, started their attempts. Drexel was forced to retire after seven laps, while Moisant completed the course in 1h 57s 44.8s after landing more than once with engine problems, securing second place.[19][20]
| Nationality | Pilot | Aircraft Type | Position | Time | Speed | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | Alfred Leblanc | 100 hp Blériot XI | Crashed on last lap | |||
| France | Hubert Latham | Antoinette | 5 h 48 m 53 s | |||
| United Kingdom | Claude Grahame-White[21] | 100 hp Blériot XI | First | 1 h 1 m 4.74 s | Шаблон:Convert | |
| United Kingdom | Alexander Ogilvie | Wright Model R | Third | 2 h 6 min 36 s, | Шаблон:Convert |
Time includes a 54-minute stop: Speed without stoppage time Шаблон:Convert[22] |
| United States | Walter Brookins | Wright "Baby Grand" | Crashed before starting race. | |||
| United States | John Drexel | Blériot XI | Retired after seven laps | |||
| United States | John Moisant | 50 hp Blériot XI | Second | 1 h 57 m 44.85 s |
1911
The 1911 race was held on 1 July at the Royal Aeronautical Society's flying field at Eastchurch, and attracted a crowd of around 10,000 spectators despite the comparative remoteness to the location. Both France and Britain entered three pilots with three reserves, the British entries including a Bristol Prier monoplane to be flown by Grahame Gilmour, but this was not ready in time to compete. The competition coincided with the Circuit of Europe air race, as a result of which the British pilot James Valentine withdrew: however Charles Weymann, the sole American representative chose to withdraw from the Circuit of Europe to take part in the Gordon Bennett competition.
The start of the competition was delayed by poor weather, and the first competitor Gustav Hamel, did not take off until 2:50 in the afternoon. Flying a Blériot XXIII monoplane which had been modified shortly before the race by having its wings cut down by about a metre (39 in), he misjudged his first turn and crashed at high speed, astonishingly escaping without serious injury.[23] At 3:00 Louis Chevalier, flying a Nieuport II powered by a Шаблон:Convert Nieuport engine. After five laps his engine began showing signs of trouble and he was eventually forced to land after eleven laps, damaging his undercarriage. He then resumed his attempt flying a replacement aircraft, but this also suffered an engine failure shortly after takeoff and he was forced to withdraw. Weymann took off at 3:45, impressing spectators by the steepness of his banked turns, shortly followed at 4:47 by Alec Ogilvie, flying the aircraft in which he had finished third the previous year, now powered by a 50 hp N.E.C engine. Last to take off were Edouard Nieuport and Alfred Leblanc. Leblanc was recovering from influenza and, probably made cautious by Hamel's crash, did not take the corners as sharply as Weymann, and Nieuport's aircraft, with a less powerful engine that Weyman's, was clearly not in serious competition.
| Nationality | Pilot | Aircraft Type | Position | Time | Speed | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | Alfred Leblanc | Blériot XXIII(100 hp Gnome) | Second | 73 m 40.2 s | Шаблон:Convert | |
| France | Edouard Nieuport | Nieuport II 70 hp Gnome | Third | 74m 37.2s | Шаблон:Convert | |
| France | Louis Chevalier | Nieuport II (28 hp. Nieuport) | Retired | |||
| United Kingdom | Gustav Hamel | Bleriot XXIII (100 hp Gnome) |
Crashed during race | |||
| United Kingdom | Alexander Ogilvie | Wright Model R | Fourth | 109 min 10.4 s | Шаблон:Convert | |
| United States | C.T. Weymann | Nieuport IV (100 hp Gnome) | First | 71m 36.2 s | Шаблон:Convert |
1912
The 1912 race was held on 9 September in Clearing, Illinois. The race was 30 laps around an elliptical Шаблон:Convert course, for a total distance of Шаблон:Convert. As none of the U.S. aircraft available to fly that day could exceed Шаблон:Convert, and with Védrines practice flights averaging far better, a French win was expected prior to the start of the race.[24][25]
| Nationality | Pilot | Aircraft Type | Position | Time | Speed | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | Jules Védrines | Deperdussin Racing Monoplane 140 hp | First | 70 min 56 s | Шаблон:Convert | |
| France | Maurice Prévost | Deperdussin Racing Monoplane 100 hp | Second | 72 min 55 | Шаблон:Convert | |
| France | André Frey | Hanriot | Retired due to engine overheating after completing 22 laps at an average speed of Шаблон:Convert[26] | |||
| United Kingdom | Claude Grahame-White[25] | |||||
| United Kingdom | Gustav Hamel[25] | |||||
| United Kingdom | George Dyott[25] | |||||
| United States | Paul W. Beck[24] | Columbia Monoplane | ||||
| United States | DeLloyd Thompson[24] | Nieuport Monoplane | ||||
| United States | Howard Gill[24] | Wright Biplane |
1913
The 1913 event was held between the 27–29 September, 1913 at the Aerodrome de Champagne near Rheims, France.
| Nationality | Pilot | Aircraft Type | Position | Time | Speed | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | Maurice Prévost | Deperdussin Monocoque | First | 59 min 45.6 s | Шаблон:Convert | |
| France | Emile Védrines | Ponnier D.III | Second | 60 min 51.4 s | Шаблон:Convert | |
| France | Eugène Gilbert | Deperdussin Monocoque | Third | 62 min 55 s | Шаблон:Convert | |
| Belgium | Henri Crombez | Deperdussin Monocoque | Fourth | 69 min 52 s | Шаблон:Convert |
1920
| Nationality | Pilot | Aircraft Type | Position | Time | Speed | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | Joseph Sadi-Lecointe | Nieuport-Delage NiD 29 | First | 1 hr 6 min 17.2 s | Шаблон:Convert | |
| France | Bernard de Roumanet | SPAD S.20 | Second | 1 hr 39 min 6.9 s | Шаблон:Convert | Finished course after making a stop due to engine trouble: his flying time over the course was Шаблон:Convert |
| United Kingdom | F. P. Raynham | Martinsyde Semiquaver | Retired due to oil pump failure | |||
| U.S.A. | Howard Rinehart | Dayton-Wright RB-1 Racer | Retired due to broken elevator control cable | |||
| U.S.A. | Rudolph W. Schroeder | Verville-Packard R-1 | Did not finish due to engine overheating |
See also
References
Bibliography
- Casey, Louis S. Curtiss: The Hammondsport Era, 1907–1915. New York: Crown Publishers, 1981. Шаблон:ISBN.
- Villard, Henry Serrano Blue Ribbon of the Air. Washington: Smithsonian Press, 1987. Шаблон:ISBN.
External links
- Air Racing History - ESPA Racing Шаблон:Webarchive
- 1909 Reims Air Race - Century of Flight Шаблон:Webarchive
- The Big Race of 1910 | Air & Space Magazine
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Villard 1987, p. 14
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ "Tabulated Performances of Rheims Meeting"Flight 4 September 1909
- ↑ "The American International Meeting"Flight 5 November 1910
- ↑ "Gordon Bennett Race- Table of Cumulative Lap Times"Flight 8 July 11
- ↑ "The Gordon Bennett Cup"Flight 21 September 1912
- ↑ "The Gordon Bennett Race"Flight 4 October 1913
- ↑ "The Schneider and the Gordon-Bennett"Flight 2 September 1920
- ↑ "The Gordon Bennett RaceFlight 30 September 1920
- ↑ "The Gordon Bennett Aviation Race"Flight 11 April 1914
- ↑ "No Gordon Bennett Contests This Year"Flight 9 May 1919
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Casey, p. 50.
- ↑ Villard 1987, pp. 58-9
- ↑ Villard 1987, pp.84-6
- ↑ Villart 1987, p. 88
- ↑ Villard 1987, p. 90
- ↑ The American International Meeting Flight 5 November 1910 p. 917
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Villard 1987 pp. 83-4
- ↑ Villard 1987, p. 122
- ↑ 24,0 24,1 24,2 24,3 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 25,0 25,1 25,2 25,3 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Villard 1987 p.166.
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