Английская Википедия:Gothi

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A depiction of a Шаблон:Lang leading the people in sacrificing to Thor in this painting by J. L. Lund

Gothi or Шаблон:Lang (plural Шаблон:Lang, fem. Шаблон:Lang; Old Norse: Шаблон:Lang) was a position of political and social prominence in the Icelandic Commonwealth. The term originally had a religious significance, referring to a pagan leader responsible for a religious structure and communal feasts, but the title is primarily known as a secular political title from medieval Iceland.

Etymology

The word derives from Шаблон:Lang, meaning "god".[1] It possibly appears in Ulfilas' Gothic language translation of the Bible as Шаблон:Transliteration for "priest", although the corresponding form of this in Icelandic would have been an unattested Шаблон:Lang.[2] In Scandinavia, there is one surviving attestation in the Proto-Norse form Шаблон:Lang from the Norwegian Nordhuglo runestone (Rundata N KJ65 U),[3] and in the later Old Norse form Шаблон:Lang from three Danish runestones: DR 190 Helnæs, DR 192 Flemløse 1 and DR 209 Glavendrup.[4] There are a few placenames, such as Шаблон:Lang in Södermanland, Sweden, that probably retain the name.[5] Otherwise, there are no further surviving attestations except from Iceland where the Шаблон:Lang would be of historical significance.[2]

History

Mainland Scandinavia

Шаблон:Quote box From the pagan era in mainland Scandinavia, the only sources for the title are runestones. The Norwegian Nordhuglo stone from around AD 400 seems to place the title in opposition to magic, using a word related to the Old Norse Шаблон:Lang. The inscription's Шаблон:Lang means "I, Шаблон:Lang" followed by "he who is immune to sorcery" or "he who does not engage in sorcery".[6] The three Danish stones are all from Funen. The early Viking Age Helnæs and Flemløse 1 stones provide no details about the function of a Шаблон:Lang, but mention a Шаблон:Lang named Roulv whose name also appears on two other runestones, the lost Avnslev stone and the Flemløse 2 stone. The early 10th-century Glavendrup stone uses the term for a local dignitary who was associated with a Шаблон:Lang, which is a religious structure. It thus attaches the title to a simultaneously secular and religious upper strata.[4]

Iceland

The most reliable sources about the Шаблон:Lang in Iceland are the Gray Goose Laws, the Шаблон:Lang and the Шаблон:Lang. After the settlement of Iceland, a Шаблон:Lang was usually a wealthy and respected man in his district, for he had to maintain the communal hall or Шаблон:Lang in which community religious observances and feasts were held. The office over which a Шаблон:Lang had leadership was termed a Шаблон:Lang, a word that only appears in Icelandic sources.[1] Initially many independent Шаблон:Lang were established, until they united under the Althing around 930. In 964, the system was fixed under a constitution that recognized 39 Шаблон:Lang. The role of the Шаблон:Lang as secular leaders is shown in how the word was used synonymously with Шаблон:Lang, meaning chieftain. Over time, and especially after 1000, when the Christian conversion occurred in Iceland, the term lost all religious connotations and came to mean liege-lord or chieftain of the Icelandic Commonwealth.[2] A Шаблон:Lang could be bought, shared, traded or inherited. If a woman inherited a Шаблон:Lang she had to leave the leadership to a man.[1] The office was in many respects treated as private property but was not counted as taxable, and is defined in the Gray Goose Laws as "power and not wealth" (Шаблон:Lang); nevertheless the Шаблон:Lang are frequently portrayed in the sagas as concerned with money and expected to be paid for their services.[1]

During the Icelandic Commonwealth, the responsibilities of a Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang ("Шаблон:Lang man") included the annual organization of the local assemblies Шаблон:Lang in the spring and Шаблон:Lang in the autumn. At the national Althing, they were voting members of the Шаблон:Lang, the legislative section of the assembly. When quarter courts were introduced in the 960s, the Шаблон:Lang became responsible for nominating judges for the Althing courts. When a court of appeals was established in the early 11th century, they also nominated judges for this court. Further, they had a few formal and informal executive roles, such as confiscating the property of outlaws. They also had a central role in the redistribution of wealth, by holding feasts, giving gifts, making loans, extending hospitality, as well as pricing and helping to distribute imported goods.[1] The holder of the Шаблон:Lang of the descendants of Ingólfr Arnarson, the first Scandinavian to settle permanently in Iceland, had the ceremonial role of sanctifying the Althing each year, and was called the Шаблон:Lang ("all-people Шаблон:Lang").[7] The followers of a Шаблон:Lang were called Шаблон:Lang. Every free landowner in possession of a certain amount of property was required to be associated with a Шаблон:Lang, although he was free to choose which one—a Шаблон:Lang was not a geographical unit—and the contract could be canceled from either side. The Шаблон:Lang would help his Шаблон:Lang to bring cases before the court and to enforce their rights, and the Шаблон:Lang would in return provide the Шаблон:Lang with armed manpower for his feuds and carry out legal sentences.[1]

By the 13th century, all the Шаблон:Lang were controlled by five or six families and often united under office holders who in modern studies are known as Шаблон:Lang ("great Шаблон:Lang") or Шаблон:Lang ("great chieftains"). These Шаблон:Lang struggled for regional and sometimes national power, and occasionally sought to become retainers for the Norwegian king. The institution came to an end when the major Шаблон:Lang pledged fealty to king Haakon IV of Norway in 1262–1264, signing the Old Covenant, and the Norwegian crown abolished the Шаблон:Lang system.[1]

Neopaganism

In the early 1970s, the words Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang were adopted by the Icelandic neopagan organization Шаблон:Lang. Following this, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang is often used as a priestly title by modern adherents of various denominations of Germanic neopaganism.

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

Шаблон:Wiktionary

  • Aðalsteinsson, Jón Hnefill (1998). "Blót and Þing: The Function of the Tenth-Century GoðiШаблон:-", in A Piece of Horse Liver: Myth, Ritual and Folklore in Old Icelandic Sources, 35–56. Reykjavik. Шаблон:ISBN.

Шаблон:Germanic pagan practices

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 Byock, Jesse L. (1993). "Goði". Entry in Medieval Scandinavia, an Encyclopedia (Phillip Pulsiano, ed.), 230–231. Garland: NY and London, Шаблон:ISBN.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 An Icelandic-English dictionary by Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson (1874) p. 208.
  3. ↑ The article gotiska in Nationalencyklopedin (1992)
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Klaus Düwel (2008). "Runen als Phänomen der oberen Schichten". Studien zu Literatur, Sprache und Geschichte in Europa. p. 69.
  5. ↑ Hellquist, Elof. (1966). Svensk etymologisk ordbok. C.W.K. Gleerups förlag, Lund. p. 308
  6. ↑ Terje Spurkland (2005). Norwegian Runes and Runic Inscriptions. p. 49.
  7. ↑ Gunnar Karlsson, Goðamenning. Investigation of the role of the goðar (chieftains) in the Old Commonwealth period. Шаблон:ISBN. ISK 4990. (2004)
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Gothi&oldid=14999575