Английская Википедия:Governor-General of the Philippines
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Cleanup Шаблон:Use Philippine English Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox official post
The governor-general of the Philippines (Filipinas; Filipino: Gobernador-Heneral ng Pilipinas/Kapitan Heneral ng Pilipinas) was the title of the government executive during the colonial period of the Philippines, governed by Mexico City and Madrid (1565–1898) and the United States (1898–1946), and briefly by Great Britain (1762–1764) and Japan (1942–1945). They were also the representative of the executive of the ruling power.
On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was established as a transitional government to prepare the country for independence from American control. The governor-general was replaced by an elected Filipino president of the Philippine Commonwealth, as the chief executive of the Philippines, taking over many of the duties of the governor-general. The former American governor-general then became known as the high commissioner to the Philippines.
From 1565 to 1898, the Philippines was under Spanish rule. From 1565 to 1821, the governor and captain-general was appointed by the viceroy of New Spain upon recommendation of the Spanish Cortes and governed on behalf of the monarch of Spain to govern the Captaincy General of the Philippines. When there was a vacancy (e.g. death, or during the transitional period between governors), the Real Audiencia in Manila appointed a temporary governor from among its members.
After Mexico won its independence in 1821, the country was no longer under the Viceroyalty of New Spain (present-day Mexico) and administrative affairs formerly handled by New Spain were transferred to Madrid and placed directly under the Spanish Crown.
Under New Spain (1565–1764)
British occupation of Manila (1761–1764)
Шаблон:Main article After the Spanish defeat at the Battle of Manila in 1762, the Philippines was briefly governed simultaneously by two Governors-General, one of the Spanish Empire and one of the British Empire.
Great Britain shortly occupied Manila and the naval port of Cavite as part of the Seven Years' War, while the Spanish Governor-General set up a provisional government in Bacolor, Pampanga to continue administering the rest of the archipelago.
British governor-general
| No. | Portrait | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end | Monarch |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 46a | Файл:Coat of arms of Great Britain (1714–1801).svg | Dawsonne Drake Шаблон:Small |
November 2, 1762 |
May 31, 1764 |
George III Шаблон:Small |
Spanish governor-general
| No. | Portrait | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end | Viceroy of New Spain | Monarch |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 47 | Файл:Simón de Anda y Salazar.jpg | Simón de Anda y Salazar Шаблон:Small |
October 6, 1762 |
February 10, 1764 |
Joaquín de Montserrat 1st Marquess of Cruillas Шаблон:Small |
Charles III Шаблон:Small |
Under New Spain (1764–1821)
After the British returned Manila to the Spanish in 1764, the Spanish Governor-General Francisco Javier de la Torre resumed administration of the Philippines under the authority of the Viceroy of New Spain in modern-day Mexico (New Spain) as part of the Spanish Empire.
The Philippines, along with the rest of the Spanish Empire, became part of the First French Empire in 1808 after Napoleon overthrew Ferdinand VII and installed Joseph Bonaparte as king until his abdication in 1813, as part of a disastrous consequence of Napoleon's 1812 Russian campaign, the Peninsular Wars, particularly the Battle of Vitoria, and of forming the Sixth Coalition.
Direct Spanish control (1821–1898)
After the 1821 Mexican War of Independence, Mexico became independent and was no longer part of the Spanish Empire. The Viceroyalty of New Spain ceased to exist. The Philippines, as a result, was directly governed from Madrid, under the Spanish Crown.
United States Military Government (1898–1902)
The city of Manila was captured by American expeditionary forces on August 13, 1898.[2] On August 14, 1898, the terms of the Spanish capitulation were signed. From this date, American government in the Philippines begins.[2] General Wesley Merritt, in accordance with the instructions of the United States President, issued a proclamation announcing the establishment of United States military rule.[2]
During the transition period, executive authority in all civil affairs in the Philippine government was exercised by the military governor.
| No. | Portrait | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end | President |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Файл:MajorGeneralWesleyMerritt (cropped).JPG | Wesley Merritt Шаблон:Small |
August 14, 1898[3] |
August 30, 1898[4] |
William McKinley Шаблон:Small |
| 2 | Файл:Elwell S. Otis.jpg | Elwell Stephen Otis Шаблон:Small |
August 30, 1898 |
May 5, 1900 | |
| 3 | Файл:Arthur MacArthur Jr.jpg | Arthur MacArthur Jr. Шаблон:Small |
May 5, 1900[5] |
July 4, 1901 | |
| 4 | Файл:Gen. Adna R. Chaffee, half-length portrait, facing left, in uniform LCCN97508364 (cropped).jpg | Adna Chaffee[6] Шаблон:Small |
July 4, 1901 |
July 4, 1902 | |
| Theodore Roosevelt Шаблон:Small |
Insular Government (1901–1935)
Шаблон:See also On July 4, 1901, executive authority over the islands was transferred to the president of the Second Philippine Commission who had the title of Civil Governor, a position appointed by the President of the United States and approved by the United States Senate. For the first year, a Military Governor, Adna Chaffee, ruled parts of the country still resisting the American rule, concurrent with Civil Governor, William Howard Taft.[7] Disagreements between the two were not uncommon.[8] The following year, on July 4, 1902, Taft became the sole executive authority.[6] Chaffee remained commander of the Philippine Division until September 30, 1902.[9]
After his retirement as Civil Governor, Governor Taft was appointed Secretary of War and he secured for his successor the adoption by Congress[10] of the title Governor-General of the Philippine Islands thereby "reviving the high designation used during the last period of Spanish rule and placing the office on a parity of dignity with that of other colonial empires of first importance".[2] The term "insular" (from insula, the Latin word for island)[11] refers to U.S. island territories that are not incorporated into either a state or a federal district. All insular areas were under the authority of the U.S. Bureau of Insular Affairs, a division of the US War Department.[12][13]
High Commissioner to the Philippines (1935–42 and 1945–46)
Шаблон:See also On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated as a transitional government to prepare the country for independence. The office of President of the Philippine Commonwealth replaced the Governor-General as the country's chief executive. The Governor-General became the High Commissioner of the Philippines with Frank Murphy, the last governor-general, as the first high commissioner. The High Commissioner exercised no executive power but rather represented the colonial power, the United States Government, in the Philippines. The high commissioner moved from Malacañang Palace to the newly built High Commissioner's Residence, now the Embassy of the United States in Manila.
After the Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, the last High Commissioner, Paul McNutt, became the first United States Ambassador to the Philippines.
| No. | Portrait | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end | President |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Файл:Justice Frank Murphy.jpg | Frank Murphy Шаблон:Small |
November 14, 1935 |
December 31, 1936 |
Franklin D. Roosevelt Шаблон:Small |
| – | Файл:J. Weldon Jones.jpg | J. Weldon Jones Шаблон:Small |
December 31, 1936 |
April 26, 1937 | |
| 2 | Файл:Paul V McNutt Oct 1941.jpg | Paul V. McNutt Шаблон:Small |
April 26, 1937 |
July 12, 1939 | |
| – | Файл:J. Weldon Jones.jpg | J. Weldon Jones Шаблон:Small |
July 12, 1939 |
October 28, 1939 | |
| 3 | Файл:New Governor General of Philippines. Washington, D.C., July 27. Francis B. Sayre, Assistant Secretary of State LCCN2016876006.jpg | Francis Bowes Sayre Sr. Шаблон:Small |
October 28, 1939 |
October 12, 1942 | |
| 4 | Файл:Ickes.gif | Harold L. Ickes Шаблон:Small |
October 12, 1942 |
September 14, 1945 | |
| Harry S. Truman Шаблон:Small | |||||
| 5 | Файл:Paul V McNutt Oct 1941.jpg | Paul V. McNutt Шаблон:Small |
September 14, 1945 |
July 4, 1946 |
Japanese military governors (1942–1945)
In December 1941, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was invaded by Imperial Japan as part of World War II. The next year, the Japanese sent a military governor to control the country during the wartime period, followed by the formal establishment of the puppet Second Philippine Republic under Jose P. Laurel.[14]
On September 2, 1945, the position of Governor-General of the Philippines was abolished. The Philippines' independence from the United States was proclaimed by the Treaty of Manila on July 4, 1946, installing Manuel Roxas as the fifth President of the Philippines and ushering in the Third Philippine Republic.
| No. | Portrait | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end | Emperor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Файл:Honma Masaharu.jpg | Masaharu Homma Шаблон:Small |
January 3, 1942 |
June 8, 1942 |
Emperor Shōwa Шаблон:Small |
| 2 | Файл:Tanaka Shizuichi.jpg | Shizuichi Tanaka Шаблон:Small |
June 8, 1942 |
May 28, 1943 | |
| 3 | Файл:Kuroda Shigenori.jpg | Shigenori Kuroda Шаблон:Small |
May 28, 1943 |
September 26, 1944 | |
| 4 | Файл:Face detail, Yamashita Tomoyuki Osaka (cropped).jpg | Tomoyuki Yamashita Шаблон:Small |
September 26, 1944 |
September 2, 1945 |
Vice-governors of the Philippines
On October 29, 1901, the position of Vice-Governor was created. The Vice-Governor was appointed by the President of the United States to act as the Governor-General (known at that time as the Civil Governor) in case of illness or temporary absence.[15]
Timelines
1750–1800
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1800–1850
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1850–1898
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1898–1946
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See also
- Filipino styles and honorifics
- List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines
- List of recorded datu in the Philippines
- President of the Philippines
- List of presidents of the Philippines
- Audiencia
- List of Viceroys of New Spain
- Spanish Empire
- History of the Philippines
- Military History of the Philippines
- United States Territory
- Governor-General
- Lists of office-holders
- Gobernadorcillo
Notes
References
Further reading
Шаблон:Governors-General of the Philippines Шаблон:Head offices of state and government of the Philippines Шаблон:Southeast Asian leaders Шаблон:Lists of US Governors
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Шаблон:Harvnb.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 David P. Barrows; The Governor-General of the Philippines under Spain and the United States; The American Historical Review Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jan. 1916), pp. 288-311 (PDF)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Elliott (1917), p. 509
- ↑ Elliott (1917), p. 4
- ↑ Tanner (1901), p. 383
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Act of Congress of February 6, 1905, entitled: "An Act To amend an Act approved July first, nineteen hundred and two, entitled "An Act temporarily to provide for the administration of the affairs of civil government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes," and to amend an Act approved March eighth, nineteen hundred and two, entitled "An Act temporarily to provide revenue for the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes" and to amend an Act March second, nineteen hundred and three, entitled "An Act to establish a standard of value and to provide for a coinage system in the Philippine Islands," and to provide for the more efficient administration of civil government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes." Section 8 thereof provided that "the civil governor of the Philippine Islands shall hereafter be known as the governor-general of the Philippine Islands.
- ↑ "Island – from English to Latin". Google Translate. Retrieved on August 7, 2013.
- ↑ "Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations" Шаблон:Webarchive. U.S. Department of the Interior.
- ↑ "Insular". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved on August 7, 2013.
- ↑ Cahoon (2000)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 16,4 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Governors-General of the Philippines
- Captaincy General of the Philippines
- Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
- Spanish people in the colonial Philippines
- Defunct government positions in the Philippines
- People of American colonial Philippines
- 1565 establishments in the Philippines
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
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