Английская Википедия:Governorate of Estonia
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For Шаблон:Expand Estonian Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox settlement Шаблон:History of Estonia
The Governorate of Estonia,Шаблон:Efn also known as the Esthonia (Estland) Governorate,[1][2]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn was a province (guberniya) and one of the Baltic governorates of the Russian Empire. It was located in the northern Estonia with some islands in the West Estonian archipelago, including Hiiumaa and Vormsi. Previously, the Reval Governorate existed during Peter I's reign and was confirmed by the Treaty of Nystad, which ceded territory from Sweden to the newly established Russian Empire. The Estonia Governorate was established in 1796 when Paul I's reforms abolished the Reval Viceroyalty.
From the 1850s to 1914, the Estonian national awakening influenced and characterized the governorate by general modernization, the reorganization into a modern European society, and the success of the newly emerged nationalist awareness.[3] The accession of Alexander III in 1881 marked the beginning of a period of more rigid Russification; the previous Baltic civil and criminal codes were replaced with Russian ones, and the Russian language replaced the German language and Estonian language. Jaan Tõnisson founded the National Liberal Party and organized its first congress in 1905, in the course of the First Russian Revolution; in response, the Russian government suppressed the revolution declaring martial law, causing Konstantin Päts and the radical leader Jaan Teemant to flee abroad.[4] The governorate gained more territories from the Governorate of Livonia and was granted autonomy on 12 April 1917, and lasted for nearly a year. The Estonian independence that came on 24 February 1918 marked the permanently end for the governorate.
Until the late 19th century the governorate was administered independently by the local Baltic German nobility through a feudal Regional Council.[5]
History
From 1561, Estonia had been under the control as a dominion of the Swedish Empire following the annexation of the northern part of the Livonian Confederation, in which nobilies swore obedience to the Swedish king Eric XIV as the Russians, in 1558, invaded Livonia, which prompted the Livonian War. The Treaty of Plussa forced Russia to cede to Sweden possessions along the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland, including northern Livonia and Ingria.
Seeking to regain lost territories, in 1701, Tsar Peter I and his allies invaded Sweden, beginning the Great Northern War. He initially met with setbacks by King Charles XII but later gained triumphs. In 1710, the Russians advanced into Estonia and Livonia, which were incorporated into Russia. In the Treaty of Nystad of 1721, Sweden formally ceded its former dominion of Estonia, Livonia, and its other territories to Russia, whereas Russia paid Sweden compensation of 2 million efimki (1.3 million rubles).
Initially named Reval Governorate after the city of Reval (now known as Tallinn), it was established in 1719 by decree of Peter the Great on 29 May, on the territory that was acquired from Sweden, along with the Riga Governorate. In 1783, the Reval Viceroyalty was formed from Reval Governorate, and in 1796, together with Narva county, which was separated from Saint Petersburg Governorate, Estonia Governorate was formed. During the reign of the Swedish kings, there was a tendency towards granting more autonomy to the peasantry, but under the Russian tsars, there was a shift towards tighter regulation. Serfdom remained in place until its abolition in 1816.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Rise of the Estonian cultural identity
Шаблон:Main The early course of the reign of Alexander II marked the emergence of the Estonian national movement, which periodised the so-called Estonian age of awakening that led to the birth of a distinctive Estonian national culture and laid the groundwork for its growing roles in Baltic politics.Шаблон:Sfn As agricultural reforms, the spread of education, increasing communication beyond the Baltic, and the spirit of reformation were factors in the national awakening, from 1860, the Estonian national movement had gained more support from rising Estonians.Шаблон:Sfn Although many Estonians still continued to assimilate into the German and Russian cultures, many nationwide efforts were seen, especially for the Шаблон:Ill, the Society of Estonian Literati, and the all-Estonian song festivals.Шаблон:Sfn
The prominent figure in the period was Carl Robert Jakobson; he opposed the Baltic German dominance and took an anti-clerical position on the Luteran Church.Шаблон:Sfn He had also begun campaigning for the introduction of zemstvo, which had already existed in the empire; in June 1881, seventeen Estonian societies requested that they do so with equal representations for Germans and Estonians, in a memorandum to Alexander III.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn As a result, four of the ten points of the memorandum were implemented at the end of the 1880s.Шаблон:Sfn
Also in this era, poet Lydia Koidula had been a prominent figure in the advocation of Estonian literature; she wrote her most important work, Шаблон:Ill (The Nightingale of Emajõgi), which was published in 1867. Among Koidula were Mihkel Veske, Ado Reinvald, Friedrich Kuhlbars, and others. Many works in this era reflected the revival of Estonian culture, and from the mid-1890s on, these reflected on the condition of rural people and satirised the elites.Шаблон:Sfn Publication of Estonian-language print grew rapidly from 1860 to 1900, and the number of books and brochures six times increased, from 55 to 312.Шаблон:Sfn According to the 1897 census, 96.9 percent of Estonians, 10 years and older, could read and write, making the northern Baltic area the most literate region of the empire.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Russification
In 1885, the new governor of Estonia, Sergey Shakhovskoy, was appointed by Emperor Alexander III, who had seemed to think the father's reforms were a threat to Russian culture; this marked the beginning of the Russification process in Estonia.Шаблон:Sfn
Russification policies had also been taken in education: placing all Lutheran rural elementary schools under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education; creating the position of director and inspector so the ministry insured the state control; and introducing Russian as an instruction language in the third year of the school in 1887 and then the first year in 1892.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Initially, the result of Russification was disorganised: many schools, which the Baltic Germans withdrew support for as a protest, were closed; much of the teaching personnel were unable to teach Russian; and the number of pupils in the governorate declined, from 25,646 to 20,565 between 1886 and 1892.Шаблон:Sfn
The Russian Orthodoxy came unexpectedly into the Baltic area in the 1840s, causing the struggle between the Orthodox and the Luteran churches, which had attended since the Northern Crusades, for the allegiance of Estonians.Шаблон:Sfn There, the Russification process was also performed for religious purposes. In 1883, in Wiek county, the conversation movement among 3,400 Estonian peasants began, which had the motivation of strong anti-German sentiment.Шаблон:Sfn During his first tenure as governor, Shakhovskoy sought to propagate Orthodoxy in his ruling governorate, which caused spiritual dissatisfaction among the Baltic natives who lived under a German-controlled Protestantism. In 1886, Shakhovskoy suggested to the procurator of the Holy Synod, Konstantin Pobedonostsev, that Orthodoxy was the quickest way to unite the Estonians into the "great Russian family".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Furthermore, in 1885, Alexander III reinstated that children of mixed Lutheran-Orthodox marriages be only baptised as Orthodox, and the reconverts to Luteranism were again considered members of the state church.Шаблон:Sfn
After the Russian February Revolution, on Шаблон:OldStyleDate the governorate expanded to include northern Livonia, thereby forming the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia which existed for less than a year, until February 1918.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Geography
The Governorate of Estonia was the northernmost of the Baltic governorates, located on the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland. The westernmost point was Cape Kalana in Hiiumaa; in the east, the Narva river near the city of Narva; Cape Stenskär in the north; Kõrksaar in the Pärnu Bay in the south. The land border was Шаблон:Convert in the west, Шаблон:Convert in the north, Шаблон:Convert in the east with Saint Petersburg Governorate along the Neva, and Шаблон:Convert with Lake Peipus and Governorate of Livonia in the south. The provincial border between Wierland and Dorpat counties was Шаблон:Convert long, and between Wierland and Fellin counties was Шаблон:Convert long.
The area of the Governorate of Estonia was Шаблон:Convert; of this, Шаблон:Convert were the mainland and Шаблон:Convert were the islands, with Шаблон:Convert were the of Lake Peipsi as a part the governorate.
The governorate consisted of the northern Estonia, approximately corresponding to: Harju, Lääne-Viru, Ida-Viru, Rapla, Järva, Lääne and Hiiu counties, and a small portion of Pärnu County.Шаблон:Fact
Administrative divisions
The districts (Шаблон:Lang, uezdy; Шаблон:Lang-de) of the Governorate of Estonia in 1897 were as follow:[6]
| County | Administrative centre | Area | Population (1897 census)[7] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name in German | Name in Russian | |||
| Wierland | Везенбергскій/Вирляндскій | Wesenberg (Rakvere) | Шаблон:Convert | 120,230 |
| Jerwen | Вейсенштейнскій/Ервенскій | Weissenstein (Paide) | Шаблон:Convert | 52,673 |
| Wiek | Гапсальскій/Викскій | Hapsal (Haapsalu) | Шаблон:Convert | 82,077 |
| Harrien | Ревельскій/Гарріенскій | Reval (Tallinn) | Шаблон:Convert | 157,736 |
Former Subdivisions
- Kreis Baltischport, now known as Paldiski
Governors
- 1786–1797 Heinrich Johann Freiherr von Wrangell
- 1797–1808 Andreas von Langell
- 1808–1809 Duke Peter Friedrich Georg of Oldenburg
- 1809–1811 vacant
- 1811–1816 Duke Paul Friedrich August of Oldenburg
- 1816–1819 Berend Freiherr von Uexküll
- 1819–1832 Gotthard Wilhelm Freiherr von Budberg-Bönninghausen
- 1832–1833 Otto Wilhelm von Essen
- 1833–1841 Paul Friedrich von Benckendorff
- 1842–1859 Johann Christoph Engelbrecht von Grünewaldt
- 1859–1868 Wilhelm Otto Cornelius Alexander von Ulrich
- 1868–1870 Mikhail Nikolaiyevich Galkin-Vraskoy
- 1870–1875 Prince Mikhail Valentinovich Shakhovskoy-Glebov-Strezhnev
- 1875–1885 Viktor Petrovich Polivanov
- 1885–1894 Prince Sergey Vladimirovich Shakhovskoy
- 1894–1902 Yefstafiy Nikolaiyevich Skalon
- 1902–1905 Aleksey Valerianovich Bellegarde
- 16 March 1905 – October 1905 Aleksey Aleksandrovich Lopukhin
- 1905–1906 Nikolay Georgiyevich von Bünting
- 1906–1907 Pyotr Petrovich Bashilov
- 1907–1915 Izmail Vladimirovich Korostovets
- 1915–1917 Pyotr Vladimirovich Veryovkin
Demographics
According to the Russian Empire Census, the Estonia Governorate had a population of 412,716 on Шаблон:OldStyleDateDY, including 202,409 men and 210,307 women. The majority of the population indicated Estonian to be their mother tongue, with significant Russian and German speaking minorities.[8]
| Language | Males | Females | Native speakers | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estonian | 176,972 | 188,987 | 365,559 | 88.67 |
| Great RussianШаблон:Efn | 12,441 | 7,998 | 20,439 | 4.95 |
| German | 6,991 | 9,046 | 16,037 | 1.39 |
| Swedish | 2,725 | 3,043 | 5,768 | 1.39 |
| Jewish | 852 | 417 | 1,261 | 0.31 |
| Polish | 921 | 316 | 1,237 | 0.30 |
| Latvian | 351 | 121 | 472 | 0.11 |
| Finnish | 271 | 91 | 362 | 0.09 |
| White RussianШаблон:Efn | 215 | 15 | 230 | 0.06 |
| Little RussianШаблон:Efn | 210 | 20 | 230 | 0.06 |
| Norwegian | 131 | 29 | 160 | 0.04 |
| Other | 329 | 224 | 553 | 0.13 |
| TOTAL | 202,409 | 210,307 | 412,716 | 100 |
It's urban population was 18.68% and rural was 81.32%.
See also
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Шаблон:Subdivisions of the Russian Empire Шаблон:Estonia topics Шаблон:Authority control Шаблон:Coord
- ↑ The Baltic States from 1914 to 1923 By LtCol Andrew Parrott. Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Первая Всеобщая перепись населения Российской империи 1897 года. Эстляндская губерния Шаблон:In lang
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Cite web
