Английская Википедия:Grain
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A grain is a small, hard, dry fruit (caryopsis) – with or without an attached hull layer – harvested for human or animal consumption.[1] A grain crop is a grain-producing plant. The two main types of commercial grain crops are cereals and legumes.
After being harvested, dry grains are more durable than other staple foods, such as starchy fruits (plantains, breadfruit, etc.) and tubers (sweet potatoes, cassava, and more). This durability has made grains well suited to industrial agriculture, since they can be mechanically harvested, transported by rail or ship, stored for long periods in silos, and milled for flour or pressed for oil. Thus, the grain market is a major global commodity market that includes crops such as maize, rice, soybeans, wheat and other grains.
Grains and cereal
Grains and cereal are synonymous with caryopses, the fruits of the grass family. In agronomy and commerce, seeds or fruits from other plant families are called grains if they resemble caryopses. For example, amaranth is sold as "grain amaranth", and amaranth products may be described as "whole grains". The pre-Hispanic civilizations of the Andes had grain-based food systems, but at higher elevations none of the grains was a cereal. All three grains native to the Andes (kaniwa, kiwicha, and quinoa) are broad-leafed plants rather than grasses such as corn, rice, and wheat.[2]
Classification
Cereal grains
Warm-season cereals
- finger millet
- fonio
- foxtail millet
- Japanese millet
- Job's tears
- kodo millet
- maize (corn)
- millet
- pearl millet
- proso millet
- sorghum
Cool-season cereals
Pseudocereal grains
Starchy grains from broadleaf (dicot) plant families:
- amaranth (Amaranth family) also called kiwicha
- buckwheat (Smartweed family)
- chia (Mint family)
- quinoa (Amaranth family, formerly classified as Goosefoot family)
- kañiwa
Pulses
Pulses or grain legumes, members of the pea family, have a higher protein content than most other plant foods, at around 20%, while soybeans have as much as 35%. As is the case with all other whole plant foods, pulses also contain carbohydrates and fat. Common pulses include:
- chickpeas
- common beans
- common peas (garden peas)
- fava beans
- lentils
- lima beans
- lupins
- mung beans
- peanuts
- pigeon peas
- runner beans
- soybeans
Oilseeds
Oilseed grains are grown primarily for the extraction of their edible oil. Vegetable oils provide dietary energy and some essential fatty acids.[3] They are also used as fuel and lubricants.[4]
Mustard family
- black mustard
- India mustard
- rapeseed (including canola)
Aster family
Other families
Ancient grains
Historical importance
Because grains are small, hard and dry, they can be stored, measured, and transported more readily than can other kinds of food crops such as fresh fruits, roots and tubers. The development of grain agriculture allowed excess food to be produced and stored easily which could have led to the creation of the first temporary settlements and the division of society into classes.[5]
This assumption that grain agriculture led to early settlements and social stratification has been challenged by James Scott in his book Against the Grain.[6] He argues that the transition from hunter-gatherer societies to settled agrarian communities was not a voluntary choice driven by the benefits of increased food production due to the long storage potential of grains, but rather that the shift towards settlements was a coerced transformation imposed by dominant members of a society seeking to expand control over labor and resources.
Trade
Occupational safety and health
Those who handle grain at grain facilities may encounter numerous occupational hazards and exposures. Risks include grain entrapment, where workers are submerged in the grain and unable to remove themselves;[7] explosions caused by fine particles of grain dust,[8] and falls.
See also
- Ancient grains
- Cereals
- Domestication
- Grain drying
- Legume
- List of dried foods
- List of Five grains in world culture
- Mycoestrogen
- Perennial grain
- Staple foods
- Vegetable fats and oils
- Gluten
References
External links
Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Wiktionary Шаблон:Wikisource
Шаблон:Veganism and vegetarianism
- ↑ Babcock, P. G., ed. 1976. Webster's Third New Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Co.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокLean 2006 p. 49не указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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