Английская Википедия:Gran conquista de Ultramar
The Gran conquista de Ultramar ('Great Conquest Beyond the Sea') is a late 13th-century Castilian chronicle of the Crusades for the period 1095–1271. It is a work of compilation, translation and prosification of Old French and Old Occitan sources, mixing historical material with legends drawn from the epic chansons de geste. It was produced under royal patronage by Sancho IV and probably his father, Alfonso X.
It was translated into Catalan and Galician-Portuguese. It survives in four manuscripts and received its editio princeps (first edition) in 1503.
Manuscripts and editions
Although the title Gran conquista de Ultramar ('Great Conquest of Outremer'Шаблон:Sfn or 'Great Conquest Beyond the Sea'Шаблон:Sfn) is conventional, the work also appears in the manuscripts under the titles Grant estoria de Ultramar or Estoria mayor de Ultramar ('Great History of Outremer').Шаблон:Sfn It survives partially in four manuscripts:Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The manuscripts are from the 14th and 15th centuries.Шаблон:Sfn Madrid 1187 may date to as early as Шаблон:Circa.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It contains spaces for many miniature illustrations, but only two are completed.Шаблон:Sfn Only about 73.5% of the text of the original work can be found across the four manuscripts today.Шаблон:Sfn The complete work is, however, preserved in the first printed edition made at Salamanca by Hans Giesser in 1503.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Thus, about 26.5% of the work is known exclusively through the 1503 edition. The first critical edition of the whole work, based on the Madrid 1187 manuscript and the Salamanca edition, was made by Pascual de Gayangos in 1858.Шаблон:Sfn
A translated epitome of the Gran conquista was incorporated into the Galician-Portuguese Crónica general de 1404, in the section on the reign of Alfonso VI (1065–1109).Шаблон:Sfn This is found in a single manuscript:Шаблон:Sfn
- New York, Hispanic Society of America ms B2278
The Gran conquista was also translated into Catalan at the instigation of King James II of Aragon (1264–1327).Шаблон:Sfn
Authorship and date
The Gran conquista was compiled from Old French and Old Occitan works that were then translated into Castilian. The oldest manuscript (Madrid 1187) contains a colophon naming King Sancho IV of Castile (1284–1295) as the author.Шаблон:Sfn Madrid 1698 and the Salamanca edition, however, attribute the work to Sancho's father, Alfonso X (1252–1284).Шаблон:Sfn Modern scholars tend to accept the former attribution, arguing that Sancho supervised the selection, translation and editing of materials.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It has, however, been argued that the work was begun by Alfonso and completed by Sancho. A notice in Madrid 1920 that Sancho IV ordered the translation of the work "from the conquest of Antioch on" may indicate that the portion of the work ending with the siege of Antioch in 1098 was the work as Alfonso left it at his death, the remainder being added by Sancho.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Alfonso evinced a strong interest in the Crusades to the Holy Land after the loss of Jerusalem (1244) and the council of Lyon (1245). He led a crusade against Salé in Africa in 1260 and intended to heed the call of the council of Lyon (1274).Шаблон:Sfn His interest seems to have peaked after the death of Louis IX of France while on crusade in 1270. Cristina González suggests he may have ordered the Gran conquista out of "frustration, nostalgia, and hope".Шаблон:Sfn Sancho IV had reasons of his own for the Gran conquista. In 1292, he Шаблон:Ill from the Muslims.Шаблон:Sfn The narrative of the rise and fall of a dynasty and of what legitimized its authority may have seemed particularly relevant at the court of Sancho IV.Шаблон:Sfn
The Gran conquista attained its finished form in the years 1289–1295.Шаблон:Sfn
Content
Structure
The Gran conquista covers the Crusades and the history of Outremer in the period 1095–1271 after a prologue on the Byzantine emperor Heraclius and the rise of Muḥammad.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The last event it covers is the Eighth Crusade.Шаблон:Sfn It is designed as a complete history of Outremer to date and, although compiled from various sources, presents a single narrative. It is written in prose, although some of its sources are verse.Шаблон:Sfn
The Gran conquista is divided into four books.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The first contains 231 chapter, the second 265, the third 395 and the fourth 429, for a total of 1,320 chapters. No surviving manuscript contains more than 561 chapters.Шаблон:Sfn
Sources
The base text is a translation of the Estoire d'Eracles, itself a French translation of William of Tyre's Latin Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum with a prologue on Heraclius. It brings the history down to 1184 but had many continuations added in the 13th century. The version used for the Gran conquista includes the Chronique d'Ernoul et de Bernard le trésorier, a continuation down to 1229.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn About 1,100 of the chapters are based primarily on the Estoire.Шаблон:Sfn
The EstoireШаблон:'s narrative is embellished by texts from various French epics, the Occitan Canso d'Antioca and unidentified sources.Шаблон:Sfn Among the French poems used are Berte aus grans pies, Mainet and set drawn from the so-called Crusade cycle: Naissance du chevalier au cygne, Chevalier au cygne, Enfances Godefroi, Chanson d'Antioche, Chanson des chétifs and Chanson de Jérusalem.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn About one third of the total work is derived from the Old French epics.Шаблон:Sfn
Fictional content
One of the most distinctive features of the Gran conquista is the incorporation of the fictional Swan Knight into an otherwise historiographical work. There is precedent for this in the incorporation of the tales of Pirus and Bruto in Alfonso X's Estoria de España and General estoria, respectively.Шаблон:Sfn Cristina González argues that the Knight is best seen as "a chivalric archetype": Шаблон:Blockquote The text may thus be described as a "chivalric chronicle"Шаблон:Sfn or "romanced chronicle" (crónica novelesca).Шаблон:Sfn It served as a model for later chivalric romances, like Amadís de Gaula.Шаблон:Sfn The Salamanca edition contained many features typical of printed romances, which misled many scholars into treating the work as primarily a work of fiction.Шаблон:Sfn
Notes
Bibliography
Editions
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite book
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Secondary literature
- Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
