Английская Википедия:Grand-Place
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox street
The Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA-fr; "Grand Square"; also used in EnglishШаблон:Efn) or Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA-nl; "Big Market") is the central square of Brussels, Belgium. It is surrounded by opulent Baroque guildhalls of the former Guilds of Brussels and two larger edifices; the city's Flamboyant Town Hall, and the neo-Gothic King's House or Bread HouseШаблон:Efn building, containing the Brussels City Museum.Шаблон:Sfn The square measures Шаблон:Convert and is entirely paved.
The Grand-Place's construction began in the 11th century and was largely complete by the 17th. In 1695, during the Nine Years' War, most of the square was destroyed during the bombardment of Brussels by French troops. Only the facade and the tower of the Town Hall, which served as a target for the artillery, and some stone walls resisted the incendiary balls. The houses that surrounded the Grand-Place were rebuilt during subsequent years, giving the square its current appearance, though they were frequently modified in the following centuries.Шаблон:Sfn From the mid-19th century, the square's heritage value was rediscovered, and it was thoroughly renovated.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Nowadays, the Grand-Place is the most important tourist destination and most memorable landmark in Brussels.Шаблон:Sfn It is also considered one of the world's most beautiful squares,[1][2] and has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1998.[3] The square frequently hosts festive and cultural events, among them, in August of every even year, the installation of an immense flower carpet in its centre.Шаблон:Sfn It is also a centre of annual celebrations during the Christmas and New Year period, and a Christmas tree has been erected annually on the square since the mid-20th century.[4]
This site is served by the premetro (underground tram) station Bourse/Beurs (on lines 3 and 4), as well as the bus stop Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang (on line 95).[5]
Naming
The toponyms Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang (French, Шаблон:IPA-fr; "Grand Square"; also used in EnglishШаблон:Efn) are generic names designating a central town square, namely in Belgium and Northern France. Originally, the main square was the geographical centre of the towns and cities in these regions (for example the Grand-Place of Mons, Tournai, Arras, or LilleШаблон:Efn). The Grand-Place of Brussels is the location of the city's Town Hall, and thus its political centre. It also housed the largest marketplace in the city (hence its official names Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:IPA-nl; literally meaning "Big Market", in Dutch).
Nowadays, the names Grand-PlaceШаблон:Efn (with a hyphen) in French and Grote Markt (with one 'o') in Dutch are most commonly seen. The historical spellings Grand'PlaceШаблон:Efn (with an apostrophe) in French and Groote MarktШаблон:Efn (with a double 'o') in Dutch are outdated,[6][7] but are also still in use in certain sources, such as on wall plaques giving the name of the square. This outdated French spelling is a grammatical exception; place being feminine, the modern French form would be Grande Place. In the Brabantian dialect of Brussels (known as Brusselian, and also sometimes referred to as Marols or Marollien),Шаблон:Sfn the Grand-Place is called Gruute Met.[8]
History
Early history
The Bread House (Шаблон:Lang) lies along the Causeway (Шаблон:Lang) near the Church of St. Nicholas and the Town Hall (Шаблон:Lang).[9]
In the 10th century, Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine, constructed a fort on Saint-Géry Island, the furthest inland point at which the river Senne was still navigable. The installation of a fort at this point marks the origin of what would become Brussels. By the end of the 11th century, an open-air marketplace was set up on a dried-up marsh near the fort that was surrounded by sandbanks.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A document from 1174 mentions this lower market (Шаблон:Lang-la) not far from the port (Шаблон:Lang-la) on the Senne.Шаблон:Sfn It was called the Шаблон:Lang (meaning "Lower Market" in Old Dutch)Шаблон:Sfn and likely grew around the same time as Brussels' commercial development.Шаблон:Sfn It was also well situated near the Church of St. Nicholas and along the Causeway (Шаблон:Lang-odt),[9] an important trade route between the prosperous regions of the Rhineland (in modern-day Germany) and the County of Flanders.[10]
At the beginning of the 13th century, three covered markets were built on the northern edge of the Grand-Place; a meat market, a bread market, and a cloth market.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn These buildings, which belonged to the Duke of Brabant,Шаблон:Sfn allowed the wares to be showcased even in bad weather, but also allowed the Dukes to keep track of the storage and sale of goods, in order to collect taxes. Other buildings, largely constructed of thatch and timber, with some made of stone (Шаблон:Lang-odt), enclosed the Grand-Place.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Although none of these Шаблон:Lang remain, their names live on in nearby streets, such as the Plattesteen, the Cantersteen, or the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In the middle of the market square stood a primitive public fountain. In 1302, it was replaced by a large stone fountain with eight water jets and eight basins, directly in front of the bread market.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Rise in importance
Improvements to the Grand-Place from the 14th century onwards would mark the rise in importance of local merchants and tradesmen relative to the nobility. As he was short on money, the Duke gradually transferred parts of his control rights over trade and mills to the local authorities, prompting them to build edifices worthy of their new status.Шаблон:Sfn In 1353, the City of Brussels ordered the construction of a large indoor cloth market (Шаблон:Lang-fr), similar to those of the neighbouring cities of Mechelen and Leuven, to the south of the square.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn At this point, the Grand-Place was still haphazardly laid out, and the buildings along the edges had a motley tangle of gardens and irregular additions.[8] The city expropriated and demolished a number of buildings that clogged the square, and formally defined its edges.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Brussels' Town Hall was erected in stages, between 1401 and 1455, on the south side of the Grand-Place, transforming the square into the seat of municipal power.Шаблон:Sfn The Town Hall's spire towers some Шаблон:Convert high, and is capped by a Шаблон:ConvertШаблон:Efn statue of Saint Michael slaying a demon or devil.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn To counter this, from 1504 to 1536, the Duke of Brabant ordered the construction of a large Flamboyant edifice across from the city hall to house his administrative services.[8] It was erected on the site of the first cloth and bread markets, which were no longer in use, and it became known first as the Duke's House (Шаблон:Lang-dum), then as the King's House (Шаблон:Lang-dum), although no king has ever lived there. It is currently known as the Шаблон:Lang ("King's House") in French, but in Dutch, it continues to be called the Шаблон:Lang ("Bread House"), after the market whose place it took.Шаблон:Sfn Over time, wealthy merchants and the increasingly powerful Guilds of Brussels built houses around the square.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The Grand-Place witnessed many tragic events unfold during its history. In 1523, the first Protestant martyrs Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos were burned by the Inquisition on the square. Forty years later, in 1568, two statesmen, Lamoral, Count of Egmont and Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn, who had spoken out against the policies of King Philip II in the Spanish Netherlands, were beheaded in front of the King's House.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This triggered the beginning of the armed revolt against Spanish rule, of which William of Orange took the lead. In 1719, it was the turn of François Anneessens, dean of the Nation of St. Christopher, who was beheaded on the Grand-Place because of his resistance to innovations in city government detrimental to the power of the guilds and for his suspected involvement with uprisings within the Austrian Netherlands.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Destruction and rebuilding
On 13 August 1695, during the Nine Years' War, a 70,000-strong French army under Marshal François de Neufville, duc de Villeroy, began a bombardment of Brussels in an effort to draw the League of Augsburg's forces away from their siege on French-held Namur in what is now Wallonia. The French launched a massive bombardment of the mostly defenceless city centre with cannons and mortars, setting it on fire and flattening the majority of the Grand-Place and the surrounding city. Only the stone shell of the Town Hall and a few fragments of other buildings remained standing.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn That the Town Hall survived at all is ironic, as it was the principal target of the artillery fire.Шаблон:Sfn
After the bombardment, the Grand-Place was swiftly rebuilt in the following four years by the city's guilds and other owners.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Their efforts were regulated by the city's councillors and the Governor of Brussels, who required that their plans be submitted to the authorities for approval,Шаблон:Sfn and fines were threatened against those who did not comply.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In addition, the alignments of the buildings were once again improved.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This helped deliver a remarkably harmonious layout for the rebuilt square, despite the ostensibly clashing combination of Gothic, Baroque and Louis XIV style.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
During the following two centuries, the Grand-Place underwent significant damage. In the late 18th century, French revolutionaries known as the sans-culottes sacked it, destroying statues of the nobility and symbols of Christianity.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The guilds declined in importance in conjunction with the growing obsolescence of this form of economic organisation and the rise of proto-capitalism. They were abolished in 1795, under the French regime,Шаблон:Sfn and the guildhalls' furniture and archives were seized by the state and sold at public auction on the square in 1796.Шаблон:Sfn The remaining buildings were neglected and left in poor condition, with their facades painted, stuccoed and damaged by pollution.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The square itself was proclaimed "Square of the People" by a decree of the 30 Ventôse An IV (1795) and a "Liberty tree" was planted on that occasion. At the first hours of Belgian Independence, in 1830, skirmishes occurred on the Grand-Place,Шаблон:Sfn which became, for an extremely short time, the "Square of Regency".[8]
By the late 19th century, a sensitivity arose about the heritage value of the buildings – the turning point was the demolition of the Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang-nl) guildhall in 1853 to widen the street on the left of the Town Hall in order to allow the passage of a horse-drawn tramway.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Under the impulse of the city's then-mayor, Charles Buls, the authorities had the Grand-Place returned to its former splendour, with buildings restored or reconstructed.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 1856, a monumental fountain commemorating the twenty-fifth anniversary of the reign of King Leopold I was installed in the centre of the square.Шаблон:Sfn It was replaced in 1864 by a fountain surmounted by statues of the Counts of Egmont and Horn, which was erected in front of the King's House and later moved to the Square du Petit Sablon/Kleine Zavelsquare.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Thirty years later, during the Belle Époque, a bandstand was raised in its place.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The Grand-Place attracted many famous visitors during that period, among them Victor Hugo, who resided in the Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang-nl) guildhall in 1852,[11] as well as Charles Baudelaire, who gave two conferences at the King's House in the 1860s.Шаблон:Sfn In 1885, the Belgian Workers' Party (POB/BWP), the first socialist party in Belgium, was founded during a meeting at the Grand-Place, at the same place where the First International had convened, and where Karl Marx had written The Communist Manifesto in 1848.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
20th and 21st centuries
At the start of World War I, as refugees flooded Brussels, the Grand-Place was filled with military and civilian casualties.[12] The Town Hall served as a makeshift hospital.[12] On 20 August 1914, at 2 p.m., the occupying German army arrived at the Grand-Place and set up field kitchens.Шаблон:Sfn[12] The occupiers hoisted a German flag at the left side of the Town Hall.[12]
The Grand-Place continued to serve as a market until 19 November 1959, and it is still called the Шаблон:Lang ("Big Market") in Dutch. Neighbouring streets still reflect the area's origins, named after the sellers of butter, cheese, herring, coal, and so on.Шаблон:Sfn During the 1960s, in a low period of appreciation, the square served as a car parking area, but the parking spaces were removed in 1972 following a campaign by citizens. However, car traffic continued to pass through the square until 1990.[13]
In 1979, the Grand-Place was bombed by the Irish Republican Army (IRA). A bomb planted under an open‐air stage where a British Army band was preparing to give a concert injured at least 15 persons, including four bandsmen, and caused extensive damage.[14][15]
In 1990, the Grand-Place was pedestrianised, a first step in the pedestrianisation of central Brussels, and it is currently part of a large pedestrian zone in the centre of Brussels.[16] The City of Brussels had been thinking about pedestrianising the square and its surrounding streets for several years, but a car park nearby prevented the project from materialising. When its licence ran out in September 1990, the city took the opportunity to conduct a pedestrian experiment. For three-and-a-half months, all traffic was to be banned on the Grand-Place, and also on the adjacent streets. After 1 January 1991, they would decide for good.[13]
The Grand-Place was named by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 1998.[3] The place is now primarily an important tourist attraction.Шаблон:Sfn A number of guildhalls have been converted into shops, terraced restaurants and brasseries.Шаблон:Sfn Notable institutions include Godiva chocolatier and Maison Dandoy speculoos confectionery. One of the houses owned by the brewers' guild is home to a brewers' museum. In addition, the Museum of Cocoa and Chocolate (now Choco-Story Brussels) was founded in July 1998 in the De Valck building, at 9–11, Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang, just off the Grand-Place.Шаблон:Sfn
Buildings around the square
Town Hall
The Town Hall (Шаблон:Lang-fr, Шаблон:Lang-nl) is the central edifice on the Grand-Place. It was erected in stages, between 1401 and 1455, on the south side of the square, transforming it into the seat of municipal power. It is also the square's only remaining medieval building.Шаблон:Sfn The Town Hall not only housed the city's magistrate, but also, until 1795, the States of Brabant; the representation of the three estates (nobility, clergy and commoners) to the court of the Duke of Brabant. In 1830, the provisional government operated from there during the Belgian Revolution.
The oldest part of the present building is its east wing (to the left when facing the front). This wing, together with a shorter tower, was built between 1401 and 1421. The architect and designer is probably Jacob van Thienen with whom Jean Bornoy collaborated.Шаблон:Sfn The young Duke Charles the Bold laid the first stone of the west wing in 1444.Шаблон:Sfn The architect of this part of the building is unknown. Historians think that it could be William (Willem) de Voghel who was the architect of the City of Brussels in 1452, and who was also, at that time, the designer of the Шаблон:Lang; the great hall at the Palace of Coudenberg.Шаблон:Sfn
The facade is decorated with numerous statues representing the local nobility (such as the Dukes and Duchesses of Brabant and knights of the Noble Houses of Brussels), saints, and allegorical figures. The present sculptures are mainly 19th- and 20th-century reproductions or creations; the original 15th-century ones are kept in the Brussels City Museum in the King's House or Bread House building across the Grand-Place.Шаблон:Sfn
The Шаблон:Convert tower in Brabantine Gothic style is the work of Jan van Ruysbroek, the court architect of Philip the Good.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Above the roof of the Town Hall, the square tower body narrows to a lavishly pinnacled octagonal openwork. At its summit stands a Шаблон:ConvertШаблон:Efn gilt metal statue of Saint Michael, the patron saint of the City of Brussels, slaying a dragon or demon.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This statue is a work by Michel de Martin Van Rode, and was placed on the tower in 1454 or 1455.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It was removed in the 1990s and replaced by a copy. The original is also in the Brussels City Museum.
The Town Hall is asymmetrical, since the tower is not exactly in the middle of the building and the left part and the right part are not identical (although they seem so at first sight). According to a legend, the architect of the building, upon discovering this "error", leapt to his death from the tower.Шаблон:Sfn More likely, the asymmetry of the Town Hall was an accepted consequence of the scattered construction history and space constraints.
After various waves of restoration, the interior of the Town Hall has become dominated by neo-Gothic: the Maximilian Room, the States of Brabant Room and their antechamber with tapestries depicting the life of Clovis,Шаблон:Sfn the splendid Municipal Council Room, the likewise richly furnished ballroom and the Wedding Room (formerly the courtroom).Шаблон:Sfn
King's House
As early as the 12th century, the King's House (Шаблон:Lang-fr) was a wooden building where bread was sold, hence the name it kept in Dutch; Шаблон:Lang (Bread House or Bread Hall). The original building was replaced in the 15th century by a stone building which housed the administrative services of the Duke of Brabant, which is why it was first called the Duke's House (Шаблон:Lang-dum), and when the same duke became King of Spain, it was renamed the King's House (Шаблон:Lang-dum). In the 16th century, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V ordered his court architect Шаблон:Ill to rebuild it in a late Gothic style very similar to the contemporary design, although without towers or galleries.Шаблон:Sfn
The King's House was rebuilt after suffering extensive damage from the bombardment of 1695. A second restoration followed in 1767 when it received a neoclassical portal and a large roof pierced with three oeil-de-boeuf windows.Шаблон:Sfn It was reconstructed once again in its current neo-Gothic form by the architect Шаблон:Ill between 1874 and 1896, in the style of his mentor Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. On that occasion, Jamaer built two galleries and a central tower. He also adorned the facade with statues and other decorations. At the back, he added a new, much more sober wing in Flemish neo-Renaissance style. The new King's House was officially inaugurated in 1896. The current building, whose interior was renovated in 1985, has housed the Brussels City Museum since 1887,Шаблон:Sfn in which, among other things, the Town Hall's original sculptures are shown.Шаблон:Sfn
Houses of the Grand-Place
The Grand-Place is lined on each side with a number of guildhalls and a few private houses. At first modest structures, in their current form, they are largely the result of the reconstruction after the bombardment of 1695. The strongly structured facades with their rich sculptural decoration including pilasters and balustrades and their lavishly designed gables are based on Italian Baroque with some Flemish influences.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The architects involved in the new development were Jan Cosijn, Шаблон:Ill, Шаблон:Ill, Шаблон:Ill, Шаблон:Ill[17][18] and Шаблон:Ill.[19]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In addition to the name of the respective guild, each house has its own name. The house numbering starts at the northern corner of the square to the left of the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang in a counter-clockwise direction. The most beautiful houses are probably no. 1 to 7 on the north-western side. On the south-western side, between the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang, are the Town Hall, and the houses no. 8 to 12 to the left of it on the south-eastern side. Still on the south-eastern side, between the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang and the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang, are the houses no. 13 to 19. On the north-eastern side, the King's House, which is located between the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang and the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang, is to the right of the houses no. 20 to 28 and to the left of the houses no. 34 to 39.Шаблон:Sfn
| French name | Dutch name | English translation | Guild / Affectation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "The King of Spain" | House of the Corporation of Bakers | Файл:GrandPlaceMap.jpg |
| 2–3 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "The Wheelbarrow" | House of the Corporation of Greasers | |
| 4 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "The Bag" | House of the Corporation of Carpenters | |
| 5 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang | "The She-Wolf" | House of the Oath of Archers | |
| 6 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "The Cornet" | House of the Corporation of Boatmen | |
| 7 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "The Fox" | House of the Corporation of Haberdashers | |
| 8 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "The Star" | House of the Amman | |
| 9 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "The Swan" | House of the Corporation of Butchers | |
| 10 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "The Golden Tree" | House of the Corporation of Brewers | |
| 11 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "The Rose" | Private house | |
| 12 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "The Mount Thabor" | Private house | |
| 12a | Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang |
Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang |
"House of Alsemberg" / "The King of Bavaria" |
Private house | |
| 13–19 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "House of the Dukes of Brabant" | Various (see below) | |
| 13 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "The Fame" | Private house | |
| 14 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "The Hermitage" | House of the Corporation of Carpet Makers | |
| 15 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "The Fortune" | House of the Corporation of Tanners | |
| 16 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "The Windmill" | House of the Corporation of Millers | |
| 17 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "The Tin Pot" | House of the Corporation of Cartwrights | |
| 18 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "The Hill" | House of the Corporation of Sculptors, Masons, Stone-Cutters and Slate-Cutters | |
| 19 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "The Purse" | Private house | |
| 20 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang | "The Deer" | Private house | |
| 21–22 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "Joseph and Anne" | Private houses | |
| 23 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "The Angel" | Private house | |
| 24–25 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "The Golden Boat" | House of the Corporation of Tailors | |
| 26–27 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "The Dove" | House of the Corporation of Painters | |
| 28 | Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang |
Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang |
"The Golden Merchant" / "The Weapons of Brabant" |
House of the Corporation of Greasers | |
| 34 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "The Helmet" | Private house | |
| 35 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "The Peacock" | Private house | |
| 36–37 | Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang |
Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang |
"The Small Fox" / "The Samaritan" and "The Oak" |
Private houses | |
| 38 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "Saint Barbara" | Private house | |
| 39 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | "The Donkey" | Private house |
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From right to left: Le Roy d'Espagne, La Brouette, Le Sac, La Louve, Le Cornet and Le Renard
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From right to left: L'Étoile, Le Cygne, L'Arbre d'Or, La Rose and Le Mont Thabor
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House of the Dukes of Brabant
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From right to left: Le Cerf, Joseph et Anne, L'Ange, La Chaloupe d'Or, Le Pigeon and Le Marchand d'Or
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From right to left: Le Heaume, Le Paon, Le Petit Renard, Le Chêne, Sainte-Barbe and L'Âne
Events
Festivities and cultural events are frequently organised on the Grand-Place, such as sound and light shows during the Christmas and New Year period as part of the "Winter Wonders",Шаблон:Sfn as well as concerts in the summer. Among the most important and famous are the Flower Carpet and the Ommegang, both taking place in the summer.Шаблон:Sfn The Belgian Beer Weekend, an event dedicated to Belgian beers, during which small and large breweries present their products at the Grand-Place, has taken place since 2010.[20] The square has also been used for community gatherings and public celebrations, such as receiving athletes following sporting events.[1]
Flower carpet
Шаблон:Main Every two years[21] in August, coordinating with Assumption Day, an enormous flower carpet is set up in the Grand-Place for three to four days.Шаблон:Sfn On this occasion, nearly a million colourful begonias are set up in patterns forming a carpet-like tapestry, and the display covers a full Шаблон:Convert, for area total of Шаблон:Convert.[8] The first Flower Carpet was created in 1971 by the Ghent landscape architect Etienne Stautemans in an effort to advertise his work, and due to its popularity, the tradition continued in subsequent years. Starting in 1986, the event has been regularly held biannually, each time under a different theme, with the Flower Carpet now attracting a large number of local and international visitors.[22]
Ommegang of Brussels
Шаблон:Main Twice a year, at the turn of June and July, the Ommegang of Brussels, a type of medieval pageant and folkloric costumed procession, ends with a large spectacle at the Grand-Place. Historically the largest lustral procession of Brussels, which took place once a year, on the Sunday before Pentecost, since 1930, it has taken the form of a historical reenactment of the Joyous Entry of Emperor Charles V and his son Philip II in Brussels in 1549. The colourful parade includes floats, traditional processional giants, such as Saint Michael and Saint Gudula, and scores of folkloric groups, either on foot or on horseback, dressed in medieval garb. Since 2019, it is recognised as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.[23]
Christmas tree
Шаблон:Main Christmas and New Year celebrations have been held on the Grand-Place every year since 1952[24] or 1954.[25] They have been officialised since 2000 as part of the "Winter Wonders" in the city centre.[26] A Christmas tree is erected on the square for the occasion and is decorated with lights that are switched on at a seasonal ceremony, whilst the square's facades are illuminated by a sound and light show. These festivities usually take place from the end of November until the beginning of January and attract a large number of people.[26]
Gallery
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The Grand-Place in 1887 by Cornelis Christiaan Dommersen
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The Grand-Place, towards the King's House
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The Grand-Place during the blue hour
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Panoramic view
See also
- Peter van Dievoet (sculptor and architect)
- History of Brussels
- Culture of Belgium
- Belgium in the long nineteenth century
References
Footnotes
Шаблон:Refbegin Шаблон:Notelist Шаблон:Refend
Citations
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
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- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
External links
- Шаблон:Commons category-inline
- UNESCO page related to the Grand-Place
- Virtual visit, photos and webcam of the Grand-Place
- Brussels' Flowercarpet official website
- Visit the Grand-Place in 360° Photosphere
- Live WebCam
Шаблон:World Heritage Sites in Belgium Шаблон:Brussels topics
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Map of Brussels in the 11th and 14th centuries from Bruxelles à travers les âges (Louis, Henri and Paul Hymans, 1884), p. 7
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Hans Vlieghe, Flemish Art and Architecture, 1585-1700, Yale University Press, 1998, s. 277-278
- ↑ [Annales de la Société royale d'archéologie de Bruxelles, 1935, p. 163
- ↑ 17th and 18th Century Terracottas: The Van Herck Collection, 1995, King Baudouin Foundation, p.64
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Francois Robert, La ville s'enguirlande, Le Soir (in French), 3 December 1993
- ↑ Francois Robert, Jean Wouters, Un sapin de Finlande pour la Grand-Place, Le Soir (in French), 4 December 1996
- ↑ 26,0 26,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Английская Википедия
- Squares in Brussels
- City of Brussels
- Protected heritage sites in Brussels
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- Tourist attractions in Brussels
- Baroque architecture in Belgium
- Car-free zones in Belgium
- Art by Peter Van Dievoet
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
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