Английская Википедия:Grand Council of Fascism
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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Expand Italian Шаблон:Infobox organization The Grand Council of Fascism (Шаблон:Lang-it, also translated "Fascist Grand Council") was the main body of Mussolini's Fascist regime in Italy, that held and applied great power to control the institutions of government. It was created as a body of the National Fascist Party in 1922, and became a state body on 9 December 1928. The council usually met at the Palazzo Venezia, Rome, which was also the seat of the head of the Italian government.[1] The Council became extinct following a series of events in 1943, in which Benito Mussolini was voted out as the Prime Minister of Italy.
Powers of the Council
Essentially, the council held these powers:
- The power to elect the Fascist Party deputies, the nomination for the Party Secretary and other party leaders, the approval of the party statutes and the power regarding the party's policy.
- The power to elect the Crown's line of succession including the choice of the heir to the throne, the right of the Crown, the power to choose possible successors to the Prime Minister, the power to choose the function and membership of the Grand Council, the Senate, the Chamber of Deputies (later the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations), the power to decide the rights and powers of the Prime Minister, international Treaties, and foreign affairs.
The Grand Council meetings were convened by the Prime Minister himself, and all decrees and laws could only be legalized after receiving his approval. In contrast to the Führerprinzip government model in Nazi Germany, the Grand Council retained the power to recommend that the King of Italy remove the Prime Minister from office. As all the former governing institutions had been subordinated to the Fascist Party, the Council was the only check on Mussolini's power.
Overthrow of Mussolini
The Allies invaded Sicily in July 1943. Grand Council member Dino Grandi proposed a vote of no confidence in Mussolini as leader of the Council and the party. A vote was held on the night of 24–25 July 1943 and passed with 19 votes for, 8 against and one abstention. Among the 19 votes of no confidence were those of Mussolini's son-in-law Galeazzo Ciano, who had been former minister of foreign affairs, and the influential marshal Emilio De Bono.
The following day King Victor Emmanuel met Mussolini and informed him that General Pietro Badoglio would lead Italy, as Prime Minister. Mussolini was arrested immediately after the meeting.[2]
In September 1943 Mussolini was freed from imprisonment by German commandos and helped to regain power in northern Italy. He had those who voted against him tried for treason at the Verona trial. All of them were found guilty, with all but one of them being sentenced to death. However, only five men, including Ciano, De Bono, and Tullio Cianetti, the defendant whose life was spared, were present for the trial. With the exception of Cianetti, those present were all executed by firing squad on the morning of 11 January 1944.[3][4]
Members of the Council
The composition of the Council was revised and defined by a law of 14 December 1929 and became a state body from 9 December 1928. Its members, selected among the party's gerarchi, are below. Their vote on the 25 July 1943 motion to depose Mussolini is also given next to their name.
President of the Council
| Head of Government and Duce of Fascism | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | 25 July 1943 Motion | ||
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Файл:Benito Mussolini portrait as dictator (retouched).jpg | Benito Mussolini Шаблон:Small |
31 October 1922 | 25 July 1943 | Шаблон:Small | Deposed |
Quadrumvirs
| The Quadrumvirs | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | 25 July 1943 Motion | ||
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Файл:Italio Balbo (cropped).jpg | Italo Balbo Шаблон:Small |
27 October 1922 | 28 June 1940 | Шаблон:Small | Died in Office |
| Файл:Michele Bianchi Portrait.jpg | Michele Bianchi Шаблон:Small |
3 February 1930 | Шаблон:Small | Died in Office | |
| Файл:E. De Bono 04.jpg | Emilio De Bono Шаблон:Small |
25 July 1943 | Шаблон:Small | Yes | |
| Файл:Cesare Maria De Vecchi1.jpg | Cesare Maria De Vecchi Шаблон:Small |
25 July 1943 | Шаблон:Small | Yes | |
Parliament
| President of the Senate | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | 25 July 1943 Motion | ||
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Файл:Tommaso Tittoni 1920.jpg | Tommaso Tittoni Шаблон:Small |
1 December 1919 | 21 January 1929 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Luigi Federzoni 1930s.jpg | Luigi Federzoni Шаблон:Small |
29 April 1929 | 2 March 1939 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Giacomo Suardo 2.jpg | Giacomo Suardo Шаблон:Small |
15 March 1939 | 25 July 1943 | Шаблон:Small | Abstention |
| President of the Chamber of Fasces and CorporationsШаблон:Efn | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | 25 July 1943 Motion | ||
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Файл:Alfredo Rocco.gif | Alfredo Rocco Шаблон:Small |
24 May 1924 | 5 January 1925 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Giuseppe Casertano.jpg | Antonio Casertano Шаблон:Small |
13 January 1925 | 25 January 1929 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:GiovanniGiurati.jpg | Giovanni Giuriati Шаблон:Small |
20 April 1929 | 19 January 1934 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Costanzo Ciano.jpg | Costanzo Ciano Шаблон:Small |
28 April 1934 | 26 June 1939 | Шаблон:Small | Died in office |
| Файл:Dino Grandi.jpg | Dino Grandi Шаблон:Small |
30 November 1939 | 25 July 1943 | Шаблон:Small | Yes |
Positions in the Cabinet
| Minister of Agriculture and Forests | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | 25 July 1943 Motion | ||
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Файл:Giacomo Acerbo.jpg | Giacomo Acerbo Шаблон:Small |
12 September 1929 | 24 January 1935 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Edmondo rossoni1.jpg | Edmondo Rossoni Шаблон:Small |
24 January 1935 | 31 October 1939 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Giuseppe Tassinari2.jpg | Giuseppe Tassinari Шаблон:Small |
31 October 1939 | 26 December 1941 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Carlo Pareschi (cropped).gif | Carlo Pareschi Шаблон:Small |
26 December 1941 | 25 July 1943 | Шаблон:Small | Yes |
| Minister of Finance | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | 25 July 1943 Motion | ||
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Файл:Alberto de-stefani.jpg | Alberto de' Stefani Шаблон:Small |
31 October 1922 | 10 July 1925 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Giuseppe Volpi 1925.jpg | Giuseppe Volpi Шаблон:Small |
10 July 1925 | 9 July 1928 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Antonio Mosconi.gif | Antonio Mosconi Шаблон:Small |
9 July 1928 | 20 July 1932 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Guido Jung (cropped).jpg | Guido Jung Шаблон:Small |
20 July 1932 | 17 January 1935 | Шаблон:Small | |
| Файл:Paolo Ignazio Thaon.gif | Paolo Thaon di Revel Шаблон:Small |
17 January 1935 | 6 February 1943 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Giacomo Acerbo.jpg | Giacomo Acerbo Шаблон:Small |
6 February 1943 | 25 July 1943 | Шаблон:Small | Yes |
| Minister of Grace and JusticeШаблон:Efn | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | 25 July 1943 Motion | ||
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Файл:Aldo Oviglio (cropped).gif | Aldo Oviglio Шаблон:Small |
31 October 1922 | 5 January 1925 | Шаблон:Small | |
| Файл:Alfredo Rocco.gif | Alfredo Rocco Шаблон:Small |
5 January 1925 | 20 July 1932 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Pietro De Francisci crop.gif | Pietro De Francisci Шаблон:Small |
20 July 1932 | 24 January 1935 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Arrigo Solmi.gif | Arrigo Solmi Шаблон:Small |
24 January 1935 | 12 July 1939 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Dino Grandi.jpg | Dino Grandi Шаблон:Small |
12 July 1939 | 5 February 1943 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:AlfredoDeMarsico.jpg | Alfredo De Marsico Шаблон:Small |
5 February 1943 | 25 July 1943 | Шаблон:Small | Yes |
| Minister of Popular CultureШаблон:Efn | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | 25 July 1943 Motion | ||
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Файл:Galeazzo Ciano (cropped).jpg | Galeazzo Ciano Шаблон:Small |
23 June 1935 | 11 June 1936 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Dino Alfieri.jpg | Dino Alfieri Шаблон:Small |
11 June 1936 | 31 October 1939 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Alessandro Pavolini (cropped).jpg | Alessandro Pavolini Шаблон:Small |
31 October 1939 | 6 February 1943 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Gaetano Polverelli 2.jpg | Gaetano Polverelli Шаблон:Small |
6 February 1943 | 25 July 1943 | Шаблон:Small | No |
| Minister of National Education | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | 25 July 1943 Motion | ||
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Файл:Balbino Giuliano.gif | Balbino Giuliano Шаблон:Small |
12 September 1929 | 20 July 1932 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Francesco Ercole.jpg | Francesco Ercole Шаблон:Small |
20 July 1932 | 24 January 1935 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Cesare Maria De Vecchi1.jpg | Cesare Maria De Vecchi Шаблон:Small |
24 January 1935 | 15 November 1936 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Bottai 37.jpg | Giuseppe Bottai Шаблон:Small |
15 November 1936 | 5 February 1943 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Biggini.jpg | Carlo Alberto Biggini Шаблон:Small |
5 February 1943 | 25 July 1943 | Шаблон:Small | No |
Royal Academy of Italy
| President of the Royal Academy | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | 25 July 1943 Motion | ||
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Файл:Tommaso Tittoni 01.jpg | Tommaso Tittoni Шаблон:Small |
14 December 1929 | 16 September 1930 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Guglielmo Marconi.jpg | Guglielmo Marconi Шаблон:Small |
19 September 1930 | 20 July 1937 | Шаблон:Small | Died in Office |
| Файл:Gabriele D'Annunzio (2).png | Gabriele D'Annunzio Шаблон:Small |
12 November 1937 | 1 March 1938 | Шаблон:Small | Died in Office |
| Файл:Luigi Federzoni 1930s.jpg | Luigi Federzoni Шаблон:Small |
21 April 1938 | 25 July 1943 | Шаблон:Small | Yes |
Special Court for the Defence of the State
| President of the Special Court for the Defence of the State | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | 25 July 1943 Motion | ||
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Файл:No image.svg | Шаблон:Interlanguage link Шаблон:Small |
27 July 1928 | 28 November 1932 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:No image.svg | Antonino Tringali Casanuova Шаблон:Small |
28 November 1932 | 25 July 1943 | Шаблон:Small | No |
Secretary of the Party
Other posts
- The Presidents of the Corporations: Industrialists, Farmers, Industrial Workers, Agriculture Workers.
Chief of Staff of the MVSN
| Chief of Staff of the MVSN | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | 25 July 1943 Motion | ||
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Файл:Francesco sacco.gif | Шаблон:Interlanguage link Шаблон:Small |
1 February 1923 | 1 December 1924 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Fascist symbol.svg | Шаблон:Interlanguage link Шаблон:Small |
1 December 1924 | 23 December 1928 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Attilio teruzzi.jpg | Attilio Teruzzi Шаблон:Small |
2 January 1929 | 3 October 1935 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Luigi russo.jpg | Luigi Russo Шаблон:Small |
3 October 1935 | 3 November 1939 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Achille Starace.jpg | Achille Starace Шаблон:Small |
3 November 1939 | 16 May 1941 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Enzo Galbiati.jpg | Enzo Galbiati Шаблон:Small |
25 May 1941 | 26 July 1943 | Шаблон:Small | No |
Officeholders who held appointments of a three-year duration
| President of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | 25 July 1943 Motion | ||
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Файл:GiovanniGiurati.jpg | Giovanni Giuriati Шаблон:Small |
20 April 1929 | 19 January 1934 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Minister of Agriculture and Forests | |||||
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | 25 July 1943 Motion | ||
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Файл:Edmondo rossoni1.jpg | Edmondo Rossoni Шаблон:Small |
24 January 1935 | 31 October 1939 | Шаблон:Small | Yes |
| Minister of Corporations | |||||
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | 25 July 1943 Motion | ||
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Файл:Ferruccio Lantini.jpg | Ferruccio Lantini Шаблон:Small |
11 June 1936 | 31 October 1939 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Presidium of the European Youth Union Renato Ricci (cropped).jpg | Renato Ricci Шаблон:Small |
31 October 1939 | 6 February 1943 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Minister of Finance | |||||
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | 25 July 1943 Motion | ||
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Файл:Paolo Ignazio Thaon.gif | Paolo Thaon di Revel Шаблон:Small |
17 January 1935 | 6 February 1943 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | |||||
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | 25 July 1943 Motion | ||
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Файл:No image.svg | Undersecretary Шаблон:Interlanguage link Шаблон:Small |
20 July 1932 | 9 June 1936 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Galeazzo Ciano (cropped).jpg | Galeazzo Ciano Шаблон:Small |
9 June 1936 | 6 February 1943 | Шаблон:Small | Yes |
| Minister of the Interior | |||||
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | 25 July 1943 Motion | ||
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Файл:No image.svg | Undersecretary Leandro Arpinati Шаблон:Small |
12 September 1929 | 8 May 1933 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Guido Buffarini Guidi foto giovanile.jpg | Undersecretary Guido Buffarini Guidi Шаблон:Small |
8 May 1933 | 6 February 1943 | Шаблон:Small | No |
| Minister of Grace and Justice | |||||
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | 25 July 1943 Motion | ||
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Файл:Arrigo Solmi.gif | Arrigo Solmi Шаблон:Small |
24 January 1935 | 12 July 1939 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Minister of Popular Culture | |||||
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | 25 July 1943 Motion | ||
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Файл:Dino Alfieri.jpg | Dino Alfieri Шаблон:Small |
11 June 1936 | 31 October 1939 | Шаблон:Small | Yes |
| Файл:Alessandro Pavolini (cropped).jpg | Alessandro Pavolini Шаблон:Small |
31 October 1939 | 6 February 1943 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Minister of National Education | |||||
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | 25 July 1943 Motion | ||
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Файл:Bottai 37.jpg | Giuseppe Bottai Шаблон:Small |
15 November 1936 | 5 February 1943 | Шаблон:Small | Yes |
| President of the Special Court for the Defence of the State | |||||
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | 25 July 1943 Motion | ||
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Файл:No image.svg | Guido Cristini Шаблон:Small |
27 July 1928 | 28 November 1932 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Secretary of the Party | |||||
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | 25 July 1943 Motion | ||
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Файл:Augusto Turati.jpg | Augusto Turati Шаблон:Small |
30 March 1926 | 7 October 1930 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Achille Starace.jpg | Achille Starace Шаблон:Small |
12 December 1931 | 31 October 1939 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Chief of Staff of the MVSN | |||||
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | 25 July 1943 Motion | ||
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Файл:Fascist symbol.svg | Шаблон:Interlanguage link Шаблон:Small |
1 December 1924 | 23 December 1928 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Attilio teruzzi.jpg | Attilio Teruzzi Шаблон:Small |
2 January 1929 | 3 October 1935 | Шаблон:Small | — |
| Файл:Luigi russo.jpg | Luigi Russo Шаблон:Small |
3 October 1935 | 3 November 1939 | Шаблон:Small | — |
See also
- Italian Fascism
- Italian Parliament (1928–1939)
- Movimiento Nacional, governing body of Francoist Spain
Notes
References
Further reading
- 2194 Days of War, Cesare Salmaggi & Alfredo Pallavisini (editors), Gallery Press, New York — Шаблон:ISBN (1977)
Шаблон:Fascism Шаблон:Authority control
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