Английская Википедия:Grand River (Michigan)

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The Grand River (Ottawa: owashtanong, "Far-Flowing Water") is a Шаблон:Convert river in the Lower Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. The longest river in Michigan, the Grand River rises in Hillsdale County, and flows in a generally northwesterly direction to its mouth at Lake Michigan in the city of Grand Haven. The river flows through a number of cities, including Jackson, Lansing, Ionia, and Grand Rapids.

The river was famous for its mile-long, 300-yard-wide, and 10-to-15-foot-tall rapids, for which the city of Grand Rapids was named. These rapids were submerged following the construction of numerous dams, starting in 1835, and flooding of areas behind the dams. The river has not had any rapids for nearly a century.

Course

Файл:Island Park Grand Ledge.jpg

Island Park on the Grand River at Grand Ledge

The headwaters of the Grand River begin from natural springs in Somerset Township in Hillsdale County near the boundary with Liberty Township in Jackson County. From there, the river flows through Jackson, Ingham, Eaton, Clinton, Ionia, Kent, and Ottawa counties before emptying into Lake Michigan. The river runs through the cities of Jackson, Eaton Rapids, Lansing, Grand Ledge, Portland, Ionia, Lowell, Grand Rapids, and Grand Haven.

Hydrology

The Grand River is one of three major tributaries of Lake Michigan, including the Fox River (Green Bay tributary) on the western shore, and Kalamazoo River on the southeastern shore. It falls in elevation from 1260 ft. in the highlands of its headwaters to 577 ft. at its mouth on Lake Michigan. Its waters drain northward through the lake, then south and east through the Great Lakes waterways into the St. Lawrence River, which flows northeasterly into the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the Atlantic Ocean. The Grand River discharges an estimated average Шаблон:Convert.

Its watershed is the second-largest in the state, draining an area of Шаблон:Convert, including 18 counties and 158 townships. Much of the basin is flat, and it contains many swamps and lakes. The basin is composed of four sub-basins: Upper Grand, Lower Grand, Thornapple, and Maple, where the four major tributaries flow: the Flat, Rogue, Thornapple, and Maple rivers.

Tributaries of the river include (beginning near river source and travelling downstream): Portage River, Red Cedar River, Looking Glass River, Maple River, Prairie Creek, Bellamy Creek, Flat River, Thornapple River, Rogue River, Coldbrook Creek, Plaster Creek, Bass River, Buck Creek and Crockery Creek.

Dams

There are fourteen dams on the main branch of the Grand River. Some 218 dams were built on its tributaries; these have divided the ecosystem into a set of dysfunctional local streams. 228 of these dams are registered with the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality.

The main branch dams are:

lower

• Grand River (6th Street)
• Grand River

middle

• Lyons (removed in 2016)
• Grand Ledge
• Portland
• North Lansing
• Moores Park
• Webber (hydroelectric)

upper

• State Street
• Moore's Park (hydroelectric)
• Sanitation
• Smithville (hydroelectric)

headwaters

• Liberty Mills
• Crystal Lake
• Mirror Lake
• Lake LeAnn North
• Lake LeAnn South

Ecology

It is estimated that 22% of the pesticide usage in the Lake Michigan watershed occurs in the Grand River drainage, which accounts for only 13% of the lake's total watershed.Шаблон:Citation needed The river is a trout and salmon stream for much of its length.

History

As the glacial ice receded from what is the central Lower Peninsula of Michigan around 11,000 years ago, the Maple River and lower Grand River served as a drainage channel for the meltwater. The channel ran east to west, emptying into proglacial Lake Chicago, the ancestor of Lake Michigan.

About 2,000 years ago, the Hopewell Indians settled along the Grand River near present-day Grandville. Their presence is still seen in the preserved burial mounds.

By the late 17th century, the Grand River band of Odawa had established villages on the banks of the Grand River at the sites of what would later become several towns and cities, including Grand Rapids, Forest Hills, Lowell, Lyons, and Portland. For these peoples, as well as for later explorers, fur traders and settlers, the river served as an important navigational trade route and cultural hub.

The river formed part of a major demarcation of land ceded by Native Americans enabling U.S. settlers to legally obtain title to land in the area. In the 1821 Treaty of Chicago, the Odawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi ceded to the United States all lands in Michigan Territory south of the Grand River, with the exception of several small reservations.

The city of Grand Rapids was built starting in 1826 on the site of a mile long rapids 40 miles upstream from the river's mouth, although these disappeared after the installation of a run-of-river dam in 1866 and five low-rise damsШаблон:Specify during a river beautification project in 1927.

The Grand was important to the rapid development of West-Central Michigan during the 1850s to 1880s, as logs from Michigan's rich pine and oak forests floated down the Grand River for milling. After the Civil War, many soldiers found jobs as lumberjacks cutting logs and guiding them down the river with pike poles, peaveys, and cant hooks. The men wore bright red flannel, felt clothes, and spiked boots to hold them onto the floating logs; these boots chewed up the wooden sidewalks and flooring of the local bars, leading one hotel owner to supply carpet slippers to all river drivers who entered his hotel. The "jacks" earned $1 to $3 per day and all the "vittles" they could eat, which was usually a considerable amount.

In 1883, heavy rains during June and July brought water levels on the river to record highs. The flooding was bad enough, but the rising water overwhelmed lumbering booms—river enclosures used to sort and organize logs for transport to saw mills—in Lowell, Grand Rapids as well as Grand Haven and Robinson townships. As water rose, the logs escaped the enclosures, much like cattle fleeing stockyards. Soon, Kent and Ottawa counties had a 'stampede', as millions of logs flowed uncontrolled down the river and became trapped in bends or against bridges. The result was a logjam of incredible proportions that clogged the river for 47 miles (10 million Feet of logs trapped in Lowell, 95 million Feet of logs trapped in the "Big Bend" northeast of Grand Rapids, 80 million Feet of logs trapped in Ottawa County).

Grand River Avenue (or Grand River Road) was built early in the settlement of MichiganШаблон:Vague and ran from the head of navigation on the Grand to downtown Detroit. It formed an important part of an early route between Chicago and Detroit, along with the Grand itself, from Grand Rapids to Grand Haven on Lake Michigan.

A fish ladder installed in 1974 replaced the West Side Water Power Canal headgates removed in 1960. In recent years, Grand Rapids Whitewater, a private nonprofit organization, is working toward restoring the rapids to the river in Grand Rapids. The project, which began in 2019, will remove five dams between Sixth street and Pearl street to restore an 18-foot drop in the Grand River's elevation.

Points of interest

Two of Grand Valley State University's campuses are located on the banks of the Grand River. The main campus in Allendale and the Pew Grand Rapids campus in Grand Rapids both border the river in separate locations miles from each other. The Grand is home to GVSU's rowing team, and the crew boathouse sits parallel to the river on the Allendale campus's north side.

Coast Guard Station Grand Haven is situated near the mouth of the river in Grand Haven. The station gives Grand Haven its nickname Coast Guard City USA.

Parks, docks and recreational facilities

• Millennium Park (Grand Rapids), the largest park in western Michigan, larger than Central Park, NY

Crossings

At least 80 bridges cross the river's 250-mile span, with most bridge structures clustered in metropolitan/municipal areas along the river. County road and state highway crossings can be found in less densely populated areas along the waterway:

List of Bridge Crossings

Route	Type	City	County	Location
Шаблон:Jct	US Route	Grand Haven	Ottawa	Шаблон:Coord
Шаблон:Jct	Michigan Highway			Шаблон:Coord
68th Avenue	County Road			Шаблон:Coord
Шаблон:Jct (Lake Michigan Dr)	Michigan Highway	Allendale
Шаблон:Jct (Wilson Avenue SW)	Michigan Highway	Grandville	Kent	Шаблон:Coord
Kent Trails Grand River Bridge Trail	Pedestrian Bridge	Wyoming
Шаблон:Jct	Interstate Highway			Шаблон:Coord
Wealthy Street SW	City Street	Grand Rapids		Шаблон:Coord
Шаблон:Jct	US Route			Шаблон:Coord
Fulton Street West	City Street
Pearl Street NW	City Street
Bridge Street NW	City Street
Шаблон:Jct	Interstate Highway
6th Street NW	City Street
Leonard Street NW	City Street			Шаблон:Coord
Ann Street NW	City Street
Шаблон:Jct	Interstate Highway
North Park Street NE	City Street
Jupiter Avenue NE	City Street
Шаблон:Jct (Northland Drive NE)	City Street
Knapp Street	County Road			Шаблон:Coord
Шаблон:Jct (Fulton Street)	Michigan Highway			Шаблон:Coord
Segwun Avenue	City Street	Lowell		Шаблон:Coord
South Division Street	City Street			Шаблон:Coord
North Bridge Street	City Street	Saranac	Ionia	Шаблон:Coord
Fred Meijer Grand River Valley Trail	Pedestrian Bridge	Ionia
Шаблон:Jct	Michigan Highway
Cleveland Street	City Street
West Bridge Street	City Street	Lyons		Шаблон:Coord
David Hwy	County Road
West Grand River Avenue	City Street	Portland		Шаблон:Coord
West Bridge Street	City Street			Шаблон:Coord
Шаблон:Jct	Interstate Highway			Шаблон:Coord
Kent Street	City Street			Шаблон:Coord
Charlotte Highway	County Road			Шаблон:Coord
Jones Road	County Road		Clinton
West State Road	County Road
Bridge St	City Street	Grand Ledge	Eaton	Шаблон:Coord
Шаблон:Jct/Шаблон:Jct	Interstate Highway
Webster Road	City Street
South Waverly Road	City Street	Lansing	Ingham
Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd	City Street
North Grand River Avenue	City Street
East Cesar E. Chavez Avenue	City Street
East Oakland Avenue	City Street			Шаблон:Coord
East Saginaw Highway	City Street			Шаблон:Coord
Lansing Riverwalk Grand River Railroad Bridge	City Street
East Shiawassee Street	City Street
East Michigan Avenue	City Street			Шаблон:Coord
East Kalamazoo Street	City Street			Шаблон:Coord
Шаблон:Jct	Interstate Highway			Шаблон:Coord
South Washington Street	City Street
Lansing River Trail	Pedestrian Bridge
West Elm Street	City Street
Шаблон:Jct (Northbound)	Michigan Highway			Шаблон:Coord
Шаблон:Jct (Southbound)	Michigan Highway
Island Avenue	City Street
Lansing River Trail	Pedestrian Bridge
Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard NB	City Street			Шаблон:Coord
Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard SB	City Street			Шаблон:Coord
South Waverly Road	City Street		Eaton	Шаблон:Coord
South Creyts Road	City Street			Шаблон:Coord
Шаблон:Jct	Interstate Highway
South Bridge Street	City Street	Dimondale		Шаблон:Coord
Шаблон:Jct (Southbound)	Michigan Highway			Шаблон:Coord
Шаблон:Jct (Northbound)	Michigan Highway
North Waverly Road	County Road
West Columbia Road	County Road			Шаблон:Coord
Bunker Highway	County Road			Шаблон:Coord
Petrieville Highway	County Road			Шаблон:Coord
East Knight Street	City Street	Eaton Rapids		Шаблон:Coord
State Street	City Street			Шаблон:Coord
Smithville Road	County Road
South Waverly Road	County Road			Шаблон:Coord
Gale Road	County Road		Ingham	Шаблон:Coord
Kinneville Road	County Road			Шаблон:Coord
South Onondaga Road	County Road			Шаблон:Coord
Old Plank Road	County Road		Jackson	Шаблон:Coord
Tompkins Road	County Road			Шаблон:Coord
Rives Eaton Road	County Road			Шаблон:Coord
Jackson and Lansing Railroad	Railroad			Шаблон:Coord
Churchill Road	County Road
Шаблон:Jct	US Route			Шаблон:Coord
Lansing Avenue	County Road			Шаблон:Coord
Berry Road	County Road
Maplegrove Road	County Road
Parnall Avenue	County Road
Шаблон:Jct	Interstate Highway			Шаблон:Coord
Monroe Street	City Street	Jackson
North Street	City Street
Ganson Street	City Street
Pearl Street	City Street
Morrell Street	City Street

• Convergence of the Grand and Red Cedar Rivers in downtown Lansing

  Convergence of the Grand and Red Cedar Rivers in downtown Lansing

• The Grand River's North Lansing dam, near downtown Lansing

  The Grand River's North Lansing dam, near downtown Lansing

• The Grand River through downtown Grand Rapids

  The Grand River through downtown Grand Rapids

• The Grand River Watershed

  The Grand River Watershed

See also

• List of Michigan rivers
• U.S. Route 16 in Michigan, whose original roadbed between Detroit and Grand Haven is known as Grand River Road, or Grand River Avenue in communities along the route

External links

• Шаблон:Commons category-inline