Английская Википедия:Grannus
Grannus (also Granus, Mogounus,[1] and Amarcolitanus[2]) was a Celtic deity of classical antiquity. He was regularly identified with Apollo as Apollo Grannus and frequently worshipped in conjunction with Sirona, and sometimes with Mars and other deities.[3]
Name
Etymology
The theonym Grannus is a latinized form of Gaulish Grannos.Шаблон:Sfn The same stem appears in the personal names Grania, Grannia, Grannicus, and Grannica, as well as in the place names Grignols (from an earlier *Granno-ialon 'Grannus' clearing'), Aquae Granni (> Aachen), and Granéjouls.Шаблон:Sfn
Its etymology remains debated. The name could be connected to Proto-Celtic *grand-/grend-, meaning 'beard' (cf. Middle Irish grend, Middle Welsh grann 'chin, beard, cheek', Middle Breton grann 'eyebrow'), although some scholars have pointed that the god is never actually portrayed with a beard. Old French grenon ('small beard'), Old Spanish greñon ('beard') and Occitan gren ('moustache') are derived from an earlier *grennos, that is supposed to be Gaulish, but the vocalism is difficult to reconcile with the other forms.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
An alternative etymology connects the name to a reconstructed form *gra-snó- (< *gwhr-snó-), which could be related to Proto-Celtic *gwrīns-/gwrens-, meaning 'heat' (cf. Middle Irish grīs 'heat, glow, embers', Middle Welsh gwres 'heat [of the sun, fire], passion, lust').Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Scholar Jürgen Zeidler contends that this would be a "probable reference to the sun's heat and its healing properties".Шаблон:Sfn In early twentieth century scholarship, the theonym was often compared with the Old Irish grían ('sun'),Шаблон:Sfn which, according to linguist Ranko Matasović, should be derived from Proto-Celtic *gwrensā (> Primitive Irish *gwrēnā).Шаблон:Sfn
Epithets
At Monthelon, Grannus is called Deus Apollo Grannus Amarcolitanus[2] ("The one with a piercing or far-reaching look"[4]), and at Horbourg-Wihr Apollo Grannus Mogounus.[3][1]
In all of his centres of worship where he is assimilated to a Roman god, Grannus was identified with Apollo,[3] presumably in Apollo's role as a healing or solar deity. In Trier, he is identified more specifically with Phoebus as Apollo Grannus Phoebus.[5][3]
Centres of worship
One of the god's most famous cult centres was at Aquae Granni (now Aachen, Germany). Aachen means ‘water’ in Old High German, a calque of the Roman name of "Aquae Granni".[6] The town's hot springs with temperatures between 45 °C and 75 °C lay in the somewhat inhospitably marshy area around Aachen's basin-shaped valley region.[6] Aachen first became a curative centre in Hallstatt times.[6]
According to Cassius Dio, the Roman Emperor Caracalla (188 AD to 217 AD) unsuccessfully sought help from Apollo Grannus—as well as Aesculapius and Serapis—during a bout of physical and mental illness, visiting the god's shrine and making many votive offerings; Dio claims that the gods refused to heal him because they knew Caracalla's intentions to be evil.[7] Caracalla's visit to the shrine of ‘the Celtic healing-god’ Grannus was during the war with Germany in 213.[8]Шаблон:Citation needed
Festival
A 1st century AD Latin inscription from a public fountain in Limoges mentions a Gaulish ten-night festival of Grannus (lightly Latinized as decamnoctiacis Granni):
Translation: "The vergobretus Postumus son of Dumnorix gave from his own money the Aqua Martia ("Water of Martius [or Mars]", an aqueduct[10]) for the ten-night festival of Grannus".Шаблон:Cn
Divine entourage
The name Grannus is sometimes accompanied by those of other deities in the inscriptions. In Augsburg, he is found with both Diana and Sirona;[11] he is again invoked with Sirona at Rome,[12] Bitburg,[13] Baumberg,[14][3] Lauingen,[15] and Sarmizegetusa (twice).[16] At Ennetach he is with Nymphs,[17] at Faimingen with Hygieia and the Mother of the Gods,[18] and at Grand with Sol.[3] A votive altar at Astorga invokes him after "holy Serapis" and "the many-named Isis", and before "the unvanquished Core and Mars Sagatus".[19][3]
References
Bibliography
Further reading
- Hofeneder, Andreas; Hainzmann, Manfred, and Mathieu, Nicolas. “Apollon Grannos – Überlegungen Zu Cassius Dio 77, 15,5–7”. In: Théonymie Celtique, Cultes, Interpretatio - Keltische Theonymie, Kulte, Interpretatio. Edited by Andreas Hofeneder and Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel, 1st ed. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2013. pp. 101-112. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv8mdn28.10.
External links
Шаблон:Celtic mythology (ancient) Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:CIL
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:CIL
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 Patrice Lajoye. Un inventaire des divinités celtes de l’Antiquité. Société de Mythologie Française. See also the inventory's introduction. Шаблон:In lang
- ↑ Zeidler, Jürgen, "On the etymology of Grannus", Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie, Volume 53 (1), de Gruyter. 2003, p. 86.
- ↑ Шаблон:CIL
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Dr. Rita Mielke. History of Bathing. Aachen.
- ↑ Cassius Dio, Roman History 78.15.
- ↑ CIL VI 2086; IvEph 802
- ↑ AE 1989: 521; AE 1991: 1222.
- ↑ Laurent Lamoine, Le pouvoir local en Gaule romaine, Presses Universitaires Blaise Pascal, 2009, pp. 114-115.
- ↑ Шаблон:AE
- ↑ Шаблон:CIL
- ↑ Шаблон:CIL
- ↑ Шаблон:CIL
- ↑ Шаблон:CIL
- ↑ Шаблон:AE
- ↑ Шаблон:CIL
- ↑ Шаблон:CIL
- ↑ Шаблон:AE. The dedicant is Julius Melanius, an imperial governor.
