Английская Википедия:Grant Park Music Festival

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Файл:Grant Park Music Festival Pritzker Pavilion Red View.jpg
July 5, 2008

The Grant Park Music Festival (formerly the Grant Park Concerts) is a ten-week classical music concert series held annually in Chicago, Illinois, United States.[1] It features the Grant Park Symphony Orchestra and Grant Park Chorus along with guest performers and conductors, and claims to be the only free outdoor classical-music concert series in the US.[2] The Festival is a non-profit organization.[3] The Festival has been a Chicago tradition since 1931, when mayor Anton Cermak suggested free concerts to lift spirits of Chicagoans during the Great Depression.[4][5] The tradition of symphonic Grant Park Music Festival concerts began in 1935.

The Festival was previously held at the Petrillo Music Shell in Grant Park,[6] but moved to the Jay Pritzker Pavilion in the Millennium Park section of Grant Park for its 70th season, in 2004.[7] It has occasionally been held at the Harris Theater.[8][9] Over time, the Festival has had various financial supporters, three primary locations, and one name change. It has sometimes been nationally broadcast and has consistently enjoyed the efforts of many of the world's leading classical musicians. Recently, its organizers have agreed to release some of the Festival's concerts to the public on CD.

Funding

The series was almost completely funded by the Park District, originally.[1] The District was responsible for performer payrolls, concert advertising and marketing, administered orchestra auditions, and coordinated the scheduling for each season list of guest artists.[3] Advertising costs for printed media designed by Park District graphic designers were funded through the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and the Federal Arts Program. The tradition of posters for Chicago Transit Authority buses, Chicago "L" trains and stations and field houses continued even after WPA relief funding ended.[10]

In 1977, the Grant Park Concerts Society evolved to coordinate all fund-raising for the Festival. It coordinated both general marketing and the membership program. By hosting fund-raising events and selling Festival memberships, it supplemented the Parks District funding, which was in the $1.5–2.0 million range. In 1996, the Park District and Festival staff discontinued their relationship with the Concerts Society. The Park District resumed its responsibility as the sole marketing and fund-raising department.[3]

At the end of the 1990s, the Festival was recognized as a non-profit organization and developed ties with the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs. The relationship had the city department taking charge of some administrative duties.[3] As of 2009, The Festival featured the Grammy-nominated Grant Park Symphony Orchestra and Chorus and is sponsored by the Chicago Park District, the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs and the Grant Park Orchestral Association.[2] The park district provides over half of the operating costs, while the Department of Cultural Affairs contributes logistical support. The remaining funding come from a variety of private sources including foundations, corporations and thousands of individual patrons.[1] The park district pays the salaries of principal conductor Carlos Kalmar, chorus director Christopher Bell, and members of the orchestra and Grant Park Chorus.[11] The Festival also receives grants and broadcast fees.[3] In 2010, the $2 million of the total Festival $4 million budget that was not covered by the Park District and was raised through memberships and private philanthropy. This money finances guest soloists and major collaborations.[11]

History

Шаблон:Multiple image The first concert occurred after the completion of the original Petrillo Music Shell on July 1, 1935 with a march from Richard Wagner's Tannhäuser.[5] In the past, National Broadcasting Company (NBC) and CBS Broadcasting Inc. (CBS) have broadcast the free concerts.[5] The first summer boasted an attendance of approximately 1.9 million for 65 concerts.[12] In 1939, the single-concert attendance record was set with over 300,000 for the Lily Pons concert.[13] Pons shared the stage with her husband Andre Kostelanetz in what was described as the largest audience of her career.[14] David Rubinoff was estimated to have drawn as many as 225,000.[15] Current attendance at the approximately thirty annual concerts is estimated at three hundred thousand in total.[1] The free Festival has always had a picnic-like atmosphere.[16] In the 1930s, the concerts were presented on national radio broadcasts to dozens of radio stations.[17]

In addition to lifting spirits, the Grant Park Music Festival has been able to provide musicians a living wage. In 1938, when the minimum wage was $0.25/hour, the musicians were paid $10 ($Шаблон:Inflation today) for a 2-hour concert.[15] In the early years, through the 1940s the Chicago Woman's Symphony performed often at the Festival.[18] In 1944, the Festival developed its own professional Grant Park Symphony Orchestra.[1] Also in 1944, WGN (AM) began the nationally syndicated Theater of the Air live from Grant Park. In 1945, Nikolai Malko became the Festival's first resident conductor.[19] He served in that role until 1954.[20]

Between the scheduling of Van Cliburn's 1958 Grant Park Music Festival appearance and his actual July 16 appearance, he won the quadrennial International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow that April. He was catapulted to international fame for winning one of the world's elite music competitions. As a result, he was greeted with a celebration that included a ticker tape parade down Michigan Avenue and his Grant Park Music Festival appearance was a major event.[21]

In the 1960s, the Festival took a more adventurous direction featuring works by the likes of Arnold Schoenberg, Sergei Prokofiev, Gustav Mahler and Anton Werbern who highlighted the 1964 schedule under the new direction of Edward Gordon. In 1962, Thomas Peck became the leader of the newly formed Grant Park Chorus,[22] which he directed until his death in 1994.[23] In 1963, the Festival introduced the interactive daytime Young People's Concerts led by Irwin Hoffman and at times by youth audience members.[24] Gordon also introduced opera in concert as part of the Festival in 1964.[25]

Шаблон:Multiple image The 1970s saw declining attendance at the Festival.[26] Mitch Miller, who derived popularity from the Sing Along with Mitch television show was a regular conductor and one of the largest draws.[27] Steven Ovitsky, became concert manager in 1979 and served until 1990.[28] During the 1980s the Festival earned a reputation for performing works by American musical composers.[29] Ovitsky focused on living American composers such as William Bolcom, John Adams, Michael Torke and Paul Freeman.[28] The 1980s also saw a host of elite principal conductors such as Zdeněk Mácal, Leonard Slatkin, Hugh Wolff, David Zinman and Robert Shaw.[28]

The 1990s saw wide-ranging performances such as the Russian opera Prince Igor, a narration of Casey at the Bat by Jack Brickhouse with orchestral accompaniment, six Chicago Bulls National Basketball Association championship celebrations and a celebrated return visit of Van Cliburn for the sixtieth season. The Van Cliburn visit rivaled the Pons attendance figures with estimates exceeding 300,000.[30] In 1992, the Grant Park Concerts officially became the Grant Park Music Festival.[3] From 1994 to 1997, Hugh Wolff served as principal conductor of the Festival and it took until 2000 for an elaborate search to yield Kalmar as his successor.[3]

Файл:JA-portrait-1-LW.jpg
The Festival ended the 2005 season with John Adams' Pulitzer Prize-winning On the Transmigration of Souls.

In 2000, the Festival reached an agreement with Cedille Records to record the Grant Park Orchestra. It produced six CDs during the decade.[31] In 2001, Boston Landmarks Orchestra was founded for the purpose of providing a free summer concert series in Boston's Hatch Memorial Shell and now claims to also provide an annual free summer music series.[32] On July 16, 2004,[33] the Festival moved to the state of the art Pritzker Pavilion, where it shares space with a regular world music series ("Music Without Borders"), a jazz series ("Made in Chicago") and a variety of annual performances by Steppenwolf Theatre, Lyric Opera of Chicago and Chicago Symphony Orchestra.[34] Nonetheless, the Festival remains the core of the summer program with its Wednesday, Friday and Saturday evening performances for ten weeks during the heart of the summer.[34] At the end of the 2005 Grant Park Music Festival season in August, the Festival's Grant Park Orchestra and Carlos Kalmar presented Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Adams' On the Transmigration of Souls, which was written at the request of the New York Philharmonic to honor the victims of the September 11 attacks.[35] In 2006, the Joffrey Ballet celebrated its fiftieth anniversary in a collaboration with the Festival.[36] During the decade, the Festival hosted an innovative array of talents such as Chinese erhu player Betti Xiang, pipa player Yang Wei, Portuguese fado singer Mariza, Cuban classical and jazz clarinetist Paquito D'Rivera, Hungarian-Roma fiddler Roby Lakatos and Mediterranean singer Maria del Mar Bonet.[37]

The festival went into hiatus in 2020 resulting from COVID-19 pandemic. It resumed the next year.

Performances

The performance schedule includes ten consecutive weeks of performances on Wednesday, Friday and Saturday from mid June to mid August.[38] Currently, performances usually begin at 6:30 on Wednesday and Friday and 7:30 on Saturday with band shell seats reserved for subscribers. Unclaimed seats are released to the public 15 minutes before each performance. The lawn seating is free and commonly adorned with blankets and families. Harris Theater hosts occasional Grant Park Music Festival events.[8][9] The orchestra and chorus have open rehearsals at the Pritzker Pavilion during performance season with sessions usually running from 11:00 am to 1:30 pm and approximately 2:30 or 3:00 pm until 5:00 pm.[39] The Festival is represented by a staff of trained guides, called docents, that field questions and provide educational talks during the rehearsals.[40] The rehearsals have programs available.[41]

Шаблон:Multiple image In the 1930s, the concerts lured some of the most prominent performers and conductors in the world: Pons, Jascha Heifetz, Bobby Breen, Rudy Vallee, Helen Morgan, conductor Andre Kostelanetz, violinists David Rubinoff, Mischa Elman, Efrem Zimbalist and Albert Spalding, pianist Moriz Rosenthal, sopranos Marion Claire, Edith Mason and Vivian Della Chiesa, tenors Tito Schipa, John Carter, Lawrence Tibbett and baritone John Charles Thomas.[42]

Шаблон:Multiple image The 1940s saw a broad spectrum of performers including Mario Lanza, clarinetist Benny Goodman, soprano Kirsten Flagstad and actor-singer Paul Robeson.[43] Other performers included sopranos Claire, Eileen Farrell, Grace Moore and Della Chiesa, tenors Giovanni Martinelli, Richard Tucker and Jan Peerce, baritone Robert Merrill, violinist Mischa Mischakoff and conductors Frederick Stock, Leo Kopp, Arthur Fiedler and Antal Doráti.[44]

Beginning in the 1950s, Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley greeted the opening night crowds nearly every year during his 21-year tenure.[45] Among the performers of the 1950s were sopranos Beverly Sills and Farrell, tenor Peerce, pianists, Van Cliburn, Jorge Bolet, Gary Graffman and Earl Wild, violinists Elman and Michael Rabin, and cellist Janos Starker.[46]

Шаблон:Multiple image The 1960s upheld the tradition of diverse audiences and performers such as contralto Marian Anderson, pianists Alfred Brendel, Daniel Barenboim, Leon Fleisher, Lorin Hollander and Christoph Eschenbach, violinists Itzhak Perlman, Ruggiero Ricci, Charles Treger, Jaime Laredo, cellist Leonard Rose, conductor Leonard Bernstein, tenor Plácido Domingo, mezzo-sopranos Maryilyn Horne and Tatiana Troyanos, soprano Martina Arroyo and Roberta Peters, as well as a host of dance companies such as the American Ballet Theatre, Joffrey Ballet and Maria Alba Spanish Dance Company.[22][47] The Joffrey Ballet performed Gerald Arpino and George Balanchine works.[47]

Шаблон:Multiple image In the 1970s, the Festival hosted soprano June Anderson, vocalist Gordon MacRae, pianists Dave Brubeck, Alicia de Larrocha, Jerome Lowenthal and Sheldon Shkolnik and violinists Elaine Skorodin. Dancers from both the Chicago City Ballet and New York City Ballet were also featured.[48] Conductors included Mitch Miller, Leonard Slatkin, Aaron Copland and David Zinman. Dancer Edward Villella and soprano Kathleen Battle also made appearances.[49]

Шаблон:Multiple image In the 1980s, featured performers included pianists Walter Klein, Hollander, André Watts and Garrick Ohlsson, clarinetist Richard Stoltzman, the Vermeer Quartet, baritone Merrill, bass Paul Plishka, soprano Arleen Auger and harmonica player Corky Siegel.[50] Conductors included Macal, Slatkin, Wolff, Zinman and Shaw.[28]

Performers in the 1990s included Van Cliburn, mezzo-soprano Frederica von Stade, Rosemary Clooney, violinist Joshua Bell, conductor Maxim Shostakovich (who led works by his father Dmitry Shostakovich), trumpeter Doc Severinsen, and soprano Deborah Voigt.[30]

Шаблон:Multiple image In the new millennium's first decade the Festival welcomed sopranos Battle, Dawn Upshaw, Karina Gauvin and Erin Wall, tenor Vittorio Grigolo, pianist Stephen Hough, violinists Rachel Barton Pine, James Ehnes, Roby Lakatos, Christian Tetzlaff and Pinchas Zukerman, vocalists Otis Clay, Mariza and Maria del Mar Bonet and rock band The Decemberists.[51] Other performers include pianist Valentina Lisitsa, soprano Jonita Lattimore, baritone Nathan Gunn and mezzo-soprano Jennifer Larmore.[52] The Joffrey Ballet also performed with the Festival.[36]

The principal conductor is Carlos Kalmar. Guests in the 2007 season included Marc-André Hamelin, Russell Braun, Erin Wall, Glen Ellyn Children's Chorus and many more performing the works of composers such as Brahms, Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Leo Brouwer, Heitor Villa-Lobos, Tan Dun and Ferruccio Busoni.[38]

The 2010s included a scheduled Grant Park's screening of the BBC's nature documentary Planet Earth Live on July 21, with live orchestral accompaniment featuring the composer George Fenton, who served as conductor.[11][53][54]

Reception

Frommer's describes the Festival as "One of the city's greatest bargains",[55] and it notes that the series is popular.[56] One of the special editions notes that the Festival is continuing to uphold its Depression era mission of lifting Chicagoans' hearts and suggests that you arrive at the Festival an hour early to get good lawn seats.[57] It also notes that the daytime rehearsals are a good substitute for the evening performances.[41]

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

External links

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 Macaluso, p. viii
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 Macaluso, p. 168
  4. ↑ Tiebert, Laura, Frommer's Chicago with Kids (3rd edition), 2007, Wiley Publishing, Inc., Шаблон:ISBN, p.263.
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Knox, p. 15
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Macaluso, pp. 4-5
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Macaluso, p. 60
  13. ↑ Macaluso, p. 62
  14. ↑ Macaluso, p. 69
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Macaluso, p. 63
  16. ↑ Macaluso, p. 64
  17. ↑ Macaluso, p. 67
  18. ↑ Macaluso, p. 87
  19. ↑ Macaluso, p. 77
  20. ↑ Macaluso, p. 86
  21. ↑ Macaluso, p. 96
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Macaluso, p. 114
  23. ↑ Macaluso, p. 127
  24. ↑ Macaluso, p. 120
  25. ↑ Macaluso, p. 126
  26. ↑ Macaluso, p. 131
  27. ↑ Macaluso, p. 139
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 28,2 28,3 Macaluso, p. 149
  29. ↑ Macaluso, p. 147
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 Macaluso, p. 165
  31. ↑ Macaluso, p. 204
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  34. ↑ 34,0 34,1 Macaluso, p. 182
  35. ↑ Macaluso, p. 215
  36. ↑ 36,0 36,1 Macaluso, p. 211
  37. ↑ Macaluso, p. 212
  38. ↑ 38,0 38,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  40. ↑ Macaluso, p. 216
  41. ↑ 41,0 41,1 Tiebert, Laura, Frommer's free & dirt cheap, pp. 103–4
  42. ↑ Macaluso, p. 68
  43. ↑ Macaluso, p. 78
  44. ↑ Macaluso, p. 88
  45. ↑ Macaluso, p. 100
  46. ↑ Macaluso, p. 104
  47. ↑ 47,0 47,1 Macaluso, p. 122
  48. ↑ Macaluso, p. 138
  49. ↑ Macaluso, pp. 138-43
  50. ↑ Macaluso, p. 158
  51. ↑ Macaluso, p. 206
  52. ↑ Macaluso, pp. 206-09
  53. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  54. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  55. ↑ Blackwell, Elizabeth Canning, Frommer's Chicago 2010, p. 32
  56. ↑ Blackwell, Elizabeth Canning, Frommer's Chicago 2010, p. 156
  57. ↑ Tiebert, Laura, Frommer's free & dirt cheap, pp. 8–9
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