Английская Википедия:Graphidaceae

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The Graphidaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Graphidales. The family contains nearly a hundred genera and more than 2000 species. Although the family has a cosmopolitan distribution, most Graphidaceae species occur in tropical regions, and typically grow on bark.

Taxonomy

Graphidaceae was originally proposed by French botanist Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier in 1822 (as "Graphineae"). Graphis, Opegrapha, and Arthonia were included in the new family.

In 2002, German lichenologist Bettina Staiger revised the Graphidaceae family in a monograph, proposing a new classification of genera that was widely accepted until molecular phylogenetic studies led to a further reorganization of the family.

Two subfamilies are recognized in the Graphidaceae:

• Fissurinoideae Шаблон:Au
• Graphidoideae Шаблон:Au

Subfamily Redonographoideae, proposed by Lücking and colleagues in 2013, has since been promoted to familial status.

Synonymy

The family Thelotremataceae was placed in synonymy with Graphidaceae in 2008, after molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the families formed several lineages within one strongly supported monophyletic lineage. This study also showed that many genera in Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae were paraphyletic or polyphyletic. In 2018, Kraichak and colleagues, using a "temporal phylogenetic" approach to identify temporal bands for specific taxonomic ranks, proposed removing Fissurina from the Graphidaceae and instead as placing it as the type genus of Fissurinaceae, a family originally proposed by Brendan P. Hodkinson in 2012. They similarly suggested recognizing Diploschistaceae and Thelotremataceae as independent families. This taxonomic proposal was rejected by Robert Lücking in a critical 2019 review of the temporal method for the classification of lichen-forming fungi, using these specific examples to highlight several drawbacks of this approach. He noted "there is substantial loss of information content in this alternative classification at the second most important rank, the level of family, and such a revised classification is practically meaningless. It makes more sense to apply such essentially phylogenetic classifications, with less information content, to infraranks, such as subfamily or tribe".

Description

The photosynthetic partner (Шаблон:Lichengloss) of Graphidaceae fungi is typically green algae from the genus Trentepohlia, or very rarely Trebouxia. The lichen thallus is typically crustose, which means it forms a crust-like structure on the Шаблон:Lichengloss it grows on. The form of the ascomata of Graphidaceae are usually Шаблон:Lichengloss (cup-shaped), Шаблон:Lichengloss (narrow, and slit-like) or Шаблон:Lichengloss (round or oval-shaped structure and embedded in the substrate), but can be rarely Шаблон:Lichengloss (with a powdery mass of ascospores and Шаблон:Lichengloss formed by the disintegration of the asci). They are usually Шаблон:Lichengloss (with both a Шаблон:Lichengloss and a Шаблон:Lichengloss), but are sometimes Шаблон:Lichengloss (without a thallus margin) or Шаблон:Lichengloss (surrounded by a pale thalline margin). The Шаблон:Lichengloss, which is the hyphae and tissue that between the asci, consists of usually unbranched, sometimes Шаблон:Lichengloss, rarely branched and anastomosing paraphyses. In some lineages, the paraphyses may be apically Шаблон:Lichengloss (covered with small spines or projections at the tips), and there may be lateral Шаблон:Lichengloss in some lineages. The asci are Шаблон:Lichengloss, which means they have a ring structure protruding into the Шаблон:Lichengloss and with an apical Шаблон:Lichengloss. They are non-amyloid or amyloid in some lineages, such as in the genus Diorygma. The asci are Шаблон:Lichengloss to oblong or Шаблон:Lichengloss in shape.

The ascospores of Graphidaceae number primarily 8 per ascus but can often be reduced to 2–4 or 1 per ascus. They are transversely septate to Шаблон:Lichengloss (elongated and divided into multiple compartments by transverse and longitudinal septa), usually ellipsoid to oblong, and often have Шаблон:Lichengloss forming Шаблон:Lichengloss and lens-shaped to rounded lumina. This particular set of features is known as "graphidoid". The spores can be hyaline (colourless) to (dark) brown, and the endospore is often amyloid. Graphidaceae also have pycnidia for producing conidia, which are non-septate, usually oblong, and hyaline.

Distribution and ecology

The vast majority of Graphidaceae species are restricted to the tropics. Most Graphidaceae species are epiphytic (i.e. they grow only on plants). Forty-two species are known from the Galápagos Islands, where they are among the most diverse of the crustose lichens there. Mexico is thought to be a biodiversity hotspot of undiscovered Graphidaceae species, with about 430 species predicted to occur in tropical regions, compared to less than 200 recorded in the entire country.

Genera

According to the Catalogue of Life, there are 94 genera and more than 2100 species in Graphidaceae. In terms of number of species, Graphidaceae is the second-largest family of lichen-forming fungi, after the Parmeliaceae (2765 species) and ahead of the Verrucariaceae (943 species). The following list gives the genus name, its taxonomic authority, year of publication, and the number of species:

Файл:Acanthothecis abaphoides 150671.jpg

Acanthothecis abaphoides

Файл:Diorygma antillarum - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg

Diorygma antillarum

Файл:Dyplolabia afzelii - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg

Dyplolabia afzelii

Файл:Fissurina insidiosa - Flickr - pellaea.jpg

Fissurina insidiosa

Файл:Graphidaceae (10.3897-mycokeys.21.11986) Figure 5B.jpg

Phaeographina obfirmata

Файл:Graphidaceae (10.3897-mycokeys.21.11986) Figure 2D.jpg

Sarcographa glyphiza

Файл:Thalloloma hypoleptum - Flickr - pellaea.jpg

Platythecium hypoleptum

Файл:Thecaria quassicola - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg

Thecaria quassicola

• Acanthothecis Шаблон:Small – 5 spp.
• Acanthotrema Шаблон:Small – 1 sp.
• Aggregatorygma Шаблон:Small – 3 spp.
• Allographa Шаблон:Small – 183 spp.
• Amazonotrema Шаблон:Small – 1 sp.
• Ampliotrema Шаблон:Small – 1 sp.
• Anomalographis Шаблон:Small – 2 spp.
• Anomomorpha Шаблон:Small – 8 spp.
• Asteristion Шаблон:Small – 7 spp.
• Astrochapsa Шаблон:Small – 29 spp.
• Austrotrema Шаблон:Small – 3 spp.
• Borinquenotrema Шаблон:Small – 1 sp.
• Byssotrema Шаблон:Small – 1 sp.
• Carbacanthographis Шаблон:Small – 22 spp.
• Chapsa Шаблон:Small – 51 spp.
• Chroodiscus Шаблон:Small – 17 spp.
• Clandestinotrema Шаблон:Small – 17 spp.
• Compositrema Шаблон:Small – 4 spp.
• Corticorygma Шаблон:Small – 1 sp.
• Creographa Шаблон:Small – 1 spp.
• Cruentotrema Шаблон:Small – 6 spp.
• Crutarndina Шаблон:Small – 1 sp.
• Cryptoschizotrema Шаблон:Small – 1 sp.
• Cyclographina Шаблон:Small – 8 spp.
• Diaphorographis Шаблон:Small – 2 spp.
• Diorygma Шаблон:Small – 74 spp.
• Diploschistes Шаблон:Small – 25 spp.
• Dyplolabia Шаблон:Small – 5 spp.
• Enigmotrema Шаблон:Small – 1 sp.
• Fibrillithecis Шаблон:Small – 15 spp.
• Fissurina Шаблон:Small – 117 spp.
• Flegographa Шаблон:Small – 1 sp.
• Gintarasia Шаблон:Small – 7 spp.
• Glaucotrema Шаблон:Small – 5 spp.
• Glyphis Шаблон:Small – 7 spp.
• Graphina Шаблон:Small – 25 spp.
• Graphis Шаблон:Small – ca. 275 spp.
• Gyrotrema Шаблон:Small – 6 spp.
• Halegrapha Шаблон:Small – 9 spp.
• Heiomasia Шаблон:Small – 3 spp.
• Hemithecium Шаблон:Small – ca. 50 spp.
• Janseella Шаблон:Small – 1 sp.
• Jocatoa Шаблон:Small – 1 sp.
• Kalbographa Шаблон:Small – 5 spp.
• Leiorreuma Шаблон:Small – 18 spp.
• Leptotrema Шаблон:Small – 14 spp.
• Leucodecton Шаблон:Small – 32 spp.
• Malmographina Шаблон:Small – 1 sp.
• Mangoldia Шаблон:Small – 2 spp.
• Melanotopelia Шаблон:Small – 4 spp.
• Melanotrema Шаблон:Small – 12 spp.
• Myriochapsa Шаблон:Small – 3 spp.
• Myriotrema Шаблон:Small – 76 spp.
• Nadvornikia Шаблон:Small – 5 spp.
• Nitidochapsa Шаблон:Small – 5 spp.
• Ocellularia Шаблон:Small – 343 spp.
• Pallidogramme Шаблон:Small – 13 spp.
• Paratopeliopsis Шаблон:Small – 1 sp.
• Phaeographina Шаблон:Small – 11 spp.
• Phaeographis Шаблон:Small – ca. 180 spp.
• Phaeographopsis Шаблон:Small – 3 spp.
• Phaeotrema Шаблон:Small – 19 spp.
• Platygramme Шаблон:Small – 30 spp.
• Platythecium Шаблон:Small – 27 spp.
• Pliariona Шаблон:Small – 1 sp.
• Polystroma Шаблон:Small – 1 sp.
• Pseudochapsa Шаблон:Small – 18 spp.
• Pseudoramonia Шаблон:Small – 4 spp.
• Pseudotopeliopsis Шаблон:Small – 4 spp.
• Pycnotrema Шаблон:Small – 2 spp.
• Redingeria Шаблон:Small – 8 spp.
• Reimnitzia Шаблон:Small – 1 sp.
• Rhabdodiscus Шаблон:Small – 36 spp.
• Sanguinotrema Шаблон:Small – 1 sp.
• Sarcographa Шаблон:Small – 37 spp.
• Sarcographina Шаблон:Small – 6 spp.
• Schistophoron Шаблон:Small – 5 spp.
• Schistostoma Шаблон:Small – 1 sp.
• Schizotrema Шаблон:Small – 7 spp.
• Stegobolus Шаблон:Small – 16 spp.
• Thalloloma Шаблон:Small – 20 spp.
• Thecaria Шаблон:Small – 4 spp.
• Thecographa Шаблон:Small – 3 spp.
• Thelotrema Шаблон:Small – 165 spp.
• Topeliopsis Шаблон:Small – 20 spp.
• Tremotylium Шаблон:Small – 4 spp.
• Wirthiotrema Шаблон:Small – 5 spp.
• Xalocoa Шаблон:Small– 1 sp.