Английская Википедия:Grassroots Party
Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox political party
The Grassroots Party was a political third party in the United States established in 1986 to oppose drug prohibition. The party shared many of the progressive values of the Farmer-Labor Party but with an emphasis on cannabis/hemp legalization issues, and the organization traced their roots to the Youth International Party of the 1960s.[1][2][3]
The Grassroots Party was active in the U.S. states of Iowa, Minnesota, and Vermont. The party was most successful in Vermont, where they achieved major party qualification in 1996,[4] a status which they retained for six years, until 2002.
Platform
United States Bill of Rights
The permanent platform of the Grassroots Party was the Bill of Rights. Individual candidates' positions on issues varied from Libertarian to Green. All Grassroots candidates would end marijuana/hemp prohibition, thus re-legalizing cannabis for all its uses.
U.S. presidential candidates
Jack Herer (1939-2010), author of The Emperor Wears No Clothes: Hemp & The Marijuana Conspiracy, was the Grassroots presidential candidate in 1988[5] and 1992.[6]
Grassroots Party ran candidates in every presidential election from 1988 to 2000.[5][6][7][8]
In 1996 the Grassroots Party of Minnesota nominated Dennis Peron in the presidential election. In 2000, the Grassroots Party of Vermont nominated Denny Lane as their presidential candidate.
In 2012, the Grassroots Party nominated Minnesota businessman Jim Carlson as their presidential candidate.[9][10]
Results in presidential elections
| Year | Candidate | VP candidate | Ballot access | Popular votes | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1988 | Файл:JackHerer-9-23-1989.jpg Jack Herer |
Файл:Dana Beal 1994.jpg Dana Beal |
MN | 1,949[5] | 0.00% |
| 1992 | Файл:Jack Herer speaking at Minnesota Tea Party during 1992 presidential campaign.jpg Jack Herer |
Derrick Grimmer | MN, IA | 3,875[6] | 0.00% |
| 1996 | Файл:Dennis Peron 2008 by Cary Newman.jpg Dennis Peron |
Файл:Arlin Troutt at his home in 2009.jpg Arlin Troutt |
MN, VT[7] | 5,378[7] | 0.01% |
| 2000 | Файл:Dennis “Denny” Lane (1947-2013) self-portrait, 2010.jpg Denny Lane |
Файл:Dale Wilkinson at Minnesota State Capitol in 2015.jpg Dale Wilkinson |
VT | 1,044[11] | 0.00% |
| 2012 | Jim Carlson | Файл:George McMahon (1950-2019) in 2008.jpg George McMahon |
MN | 3,149 | 0.00% |
History
Early history
The Grassroots Party was established in Minnesota in 1986, by Tim Davis, Derrick Grimmer, Oliver Steinberg, and Chris Wright, as an independent political party that focused on marijuana legalization. Derrick Grimmer, Ph.D., ran for Minnesota Attorney General in 1986. Grimmer received 16,394 votes.[12]
Founding member Oliver Steinberg, who was a Republican candidate for US Congress in 1984,[13] had a background of violence discrediting the peace movement in the 1970s.[14] Steinberg was the Grassroots candidate for Lieutenant Governor in 1990.[15]
The Grassroots Party of Minnesota (GRP) ran a full slate of statewide candidates in 1994 and won more votes than all other third parties in Minnesota combined.[16][17] The Vermont Grassroots Party was formed in 1994.
Russell Bentley, a party candidate for US Senate in 1990 and US Congress in 1992 and GRP board member, was arrested on marijuana smuggling charges in 1996. Bentley was sentenced to five years in federal prison.[18]
The Independent Grassroots Party
In Minnesota in 1996 the Grassroots Party split, forming the Independent Grassroots Party for one election cycle. John Birrenbach was the Independent Grassroots Presidential candidate and George McMahon was the Vice-presidential candidate.[7] Dan Vacek was the Independent Grassroots candidate for US Representative (MN District 4).[19][20] In 1998, members of the Independent Grassroots Party established the Legal Marijuana Now political party.[3][21]
Minnesota
Gubernatorial candidates
In 1990, Ross Culverhouse, a computer programmer and Vietnam veteran was the Grassroots gubernatorial candidate. Oliver Steinberg was the party's candidate for Lieutenant Governor. Culverhouse received 17,176 votes.
Will Shetterly, a science-fiction writer and actor, ran for governor of Minnesota in 1994. He placed third out of six candidates.[22]
Results in Minnesota gubernatorial elections
| Year | Office | Candidate | Lieutenant Governor candidate | Popular votes | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | MN Governor | Ross Culverhouse | Oliver Steinberg | 17,176[15] | 0.96% |
| 1994 | MN Governor | Will Shetterly | Tim Davis | 20,785[16] | 1.20% |
| 1998 | MN Governor | Chris Wright | Darrell Paulsen | 1,727[23] | 0.10% |
| 2010 | MN Governor | Chris Wright | Edwin H. Engelmann | 7,516 | 0.36%[24] |
Minnesota elections
In 2000, the party nominated David Daniels, an African American playwright/performance artist from Minneapolis, as candidate for the United States Senate. Daniels had a very small campaign budget and was only invited to speak at some events broadcast on Minnesota Public Radio and Twin Cities Public Television. On election day, Daniels received 21,447 votes.[25][26][27]
In 2002, Grassroots Party co-founder and candidate, Tim Davis, joined the Green Party. Davis returned to the Grassroots Party and ran for United States Senator in 2012. Davis, in 2020, became chairperson of the Legal Marijuana Now Party Minnesota chapter.
2010–2014
In 2010, Grassroots candidate Chris Wright was on the ballot in the governor's election.
The last Grassroots Party candidates ran in Minnesota, in 2012.
Steinberg and Wright, in 2014, formed the Minnesota Grassroots—Legalize Cannabis Party. Davis and the rest of the Grassroots Party, from 2014 to 2016, merged into the Minnesota Legal Marijuana Now Party.[28]
After 2014
In 2023, Grassroots Party founder Oliver Steinberg testified before the Minnesota Senate Public Safety Committee, in favor of Senate File 73 to create a regulated commercial cannabis market in the state.[29] Some scholars have credited Minnesota's marijuana political parties, including GRP, for the state Democratic Party championing cannabis legalization after 2016.[30]
Results in Minnesota state elections
| Year | Office | Candidate | Popular votes | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1986 | MN Attorney General | Derrick Grimmer | 16,394[12] | 1.17% |
| 1990 | MN Secretary of State | Candice Sjostrom | 43,812[15] | 2.48% |
| 1990 | MN Treasurer | Colleen Bonniwell | 84,919[15] | 4.94% |
| 1990 | MN Senator 58 | Eric Anderson | 1,797[15] | 7.88% |
| 1990 | MN Representative 59B | Tim Davis | 755[15] | 5.56% |
| 1990 | MN Representative 60A | Spencer Orman | 477[15] | 7.29% |
| 1992 | MN Senator 59 | Dale Wilkinson | 2,179[31] | 7.05% |
| 1994 | MN Secretary of State | Dale Wilkinson | 54,009[16] | 3.12% |
| 1994 | MN Attorney General | Dean Amundson | 69,776[16] | 4.17% |
| 1994 | MN Auditor | Steven Anderson | 80,811[16] | 4.79% |
| 1994 | MN Treasurer | Colleen Bonniwell | 84,486[16] | 5.20% |
| 1998 | MN Representative 59A | Dale Wilkinson | 1,270[23] | 9.66% |
Results in federal elections
| Year | Office | Candidate | Popular votes | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1988 | US Senator | Derrick Grimmer | 9,016[5] | 0.43% |
| 1988 | US Representative 5 | Chris Wright | 268[5] | 0.11% |
| 1990 | US Senator | Russell Bentley | 29,820[15] | 1.65% |
| 1992 | US Representative 3 | Dwight Fellman | 9,164[31] | 2.91% |
| 1992 | US Representative 4 | Dan Vacek | 4,418[31] | 1.59% |
| 1992 | US Representative 5 | Russell Bentley | 6,786[31] | 2.24% |
| 1994 | US Senator | Candice Sjostrom | 15,920[16] | 0.90% |
| 1994 | US Representative 4 | Dan Vacek | 6,211[16] | 2.94% |
| 1996 | US Senator | Tim Davis | 14,139[20] | 6.48% |
| 1996 | US Representative 4 | Phil Willkie | 3,615[20] | 1.41% |
| 1996 | US Representative 5 | Erika Anderson | 13,102[20] | 5.33% |
| 2000 | US Senator | David Daniels | 21,447[27] | 0.89%[27] |
| 2012 | US Senator | Tim Davis | 30,532 | 1.07% |
Iowa
Derrick Grimmer, Ph.D., a founding member of the Grassroots Party, moved from Minnesota to Iowa in 1988 and formed the Grassroots Party of Iowa. Grimmer ran for Iowa State Treasurer in 1990 and received 15,745 votes and he ran for U.S. House of Representatives (IA District 3) in 1994 and received 2,282 votes.[32][33]
Results in Iowa state elections
| Year | Office | Candidate | Popular votes | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | IA Treasurer | Derrick Grimmer | 15,745[32] | 1.76% |
| 1990 | IA Secretary of Agriculture | Richard Bychowski | 16,138[32] | 1.80% |
Results in federal elections
| Year | Office | Candidate | Popular votes | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 | US Representative 3 | Derrick Grimmer | 2,282[33] | 1.18% |
| 1994 | US Representative 4 | William Oviatt | 803[33] | 0.38% |
Vermont
Gubernatorial candidates
The Vermont Grassroots Party formed in 1994. Dennis Lane was their candidate for Governor of Vermont in 1994, and 1996. Bill Coleman ran for Lieutenant Governor in 1996, and again in 1998.
Joel Williams was the Vermont Grassroots nominee for Governor in 1998, and 2000.
Results in Vermont gubernatorial elections
| Year | Office | Candidate | Popular votes | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 | Vermont Governor | Dennis Lane | 2,118 | 1.0%[34] |
| 1996 | Vermont Governor | Dennis Lane | 3,667 | 1.4%[35] |
| 1996 | Lieutenant Governor | Bill Coleman | 5,296 | 2.1%[35] |
| 1998 | Vermont Governor | Joel Williams | 3,305 | 1.5%[36] |
| 1998 | Lieutenant Governor | Bill Coleman | 3,913 | 1.8%[36] |
| 2000 | Vermont Governor | Joel Williams | 1,359 | 0.5%[11] |
| 2000 | Lieutenant Governor | Tom Beer | 8,776 | 3.1%[11] |
| 2002 | Vermont Governor | Patricia Hejny | 771 | 0.4%[37] |
| 2002 | Lieutenant Governor | Sally Ann Jones | 4,310 | 1.9%[37] |
Vermont elections
In 1994, in addition to Governor, Vermont Grassroots ran candidates for U.S. Senator, U.S. Representative, Auditor of Accounts, and Attorney General.[34] Robert Melamede was Vermont Grassroots nominee for U.S. Senator, in 1994, and again in 1998.[38]
In 1996, genetic researcher and microbiologist Melamede, who's views promoting the curative properties of cannabis put him at odds with mainstream academia, was Grassroots candidate for U.S. Representative.[38] Vermont Grassroots again ran a slate of candidates including Governor, Lieutenant Governor, U.S. Representative, Attorney General, Auditor of Accounts, State Treasurer, and Secretary of State.
Three Vermont Grassroots candidates won five percent or more of the popular vote in the 1996 election, qualifying the Grassroots Party for recognized major party status in Vermont.[35][4]
In 1998 Vermont Grassroots ran a slate of candidates including gubernatorial candidate Joel Williams who received 3,305 votes (1.5%), and U.S. Senate candidate Melamede who received 2,459 votes (1.1%). Matthew Mulligan received 3,464 votes (1.6%) for U.S. Representative; Randy Bushey got 12,312 votes (6%) for State Treasurer; Steven Saetta got 6,345 votes (3%) for Auditor of Accounts; Dennis "Denny" Lane received 8,347 votes (3.9%) for Secretary of State and Sandy "Wells" Ward got 17,954 votes (8.8%) for Attorney General.[36]
In 2000 the Vermont Grassroots Party ran a slate of candidates with Ward leading the ticket as candidate for Attorney General, receiving 38,713 votes, or 14.7% of the popular vote.[11]
The Grassroots Party of Vermont fielded candidates representing a mixture of liberal and libertarian views for over a decade. The Vermont Grassroots Party dissolved after 2002.
In 2002 one of the Vermont Grassroots state leaders, Joel Williams, became a member of the Libertarian Party of Vermont. The Vermont Marijuana Party was formed in 2002 by Loretta Nall and Cris Ericson.
Vermont Grassroots Party ran a full slate, including gubernatorial candidates, in 2002. Teresa Bouchard led the way as candidate for State Treasurer with 10,757 votes (4.8%).[37]
Results in Vermont state elections
| Year | Office | Candidate | Popular votes | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 | VT Auditor | Pamela Zarra Redden | 7,239 | 3.7%[34] |
| 1994 | VT Attorney General | Ted Talcott | 7,062 | 3.5%[34] |
| 1996 | VT Treasurer | Randy Bushey | 16,671 | 7.0%[35] |
| 1996 | VT Secretary of State | Jimmy De Pierro | 17,283 | 7.4%[35] |
| 1996 | VT Auditor | James Sweet | 11,134 | 4.7%[35] |
| 1996 | VT Attorney General | Tom Kingston | 14,443 | 6.1%[35] |
| 1998 | VT Treasurer | Randy Bushey | 12,312 | 6.2%[36] |
| 1998 | VT Secretary of State | Dennis Lane | 8,347 | 4.0%[36] |
| 1998 | VT Auditor | Steven Saetta | 6,345 | 3.1%[36] |
| 1998 | VT Attorney General | Sandy Ward | 17,954 | 8.9%[36] |
| 2000 | VT Attorney General | Sandy Ward | 39,713 | 14.7%[11] |
| 2002 | VT Treasurer | Claude Bouchard | 10,757 | 4.8%[37] |
| 2002 | VT Secretary of State | Tina Thompson | 7,166 | 3.2%[37] |
| 2002 | VT Auditor | Lynn Appleby | 8,172 | 3.7%[37] |
| 2002 | VT Attorney General | Mann Ward | 6,307 | 2.8%[37] |
Results in federal elections
| Year | Office | Candidate | Popular votes | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 | US Senator | Bob Melamede | 1,416 | 0.7%[34] |
| 1994 | US Representative | Jack Rogers | 2,664 | 1.3%[34] |
| 1996 | US Representative | Robert Melamede | 1,350 | 0.5%[35] |
| 1998 | US Senator | Bob Melamede | 2,459 | 1.1%[36] |
| 1998 | US Representative | Matthew Mulligan | 3,464 | 1.6%[36] |
| 2000 | US Senator | Billy Greer | 4,889 | 1.7%[11] |
| 2000 | US Representative | Jack Rogers | 4,799 | 1.7%[11] |
| 2002 | US Representative | Fawn Skinner | 2,344 | 1.0%[37] |
California
In 2016, musician and martial artist Marvin Sotelo ran for U.S. House of Representatives in California's 40th congressional district as a Grassroots Party candidate. In California the top two vote-getters in the primary advance to the general election. Sotelo did not make it onto the ballot.[39]
Publications
The Canvas
The Canvas, the newsletter of the Grassroots Party of Minnesota, was published quarterly from 1991 until 1996. It reached a circulation of 5,000 printed copies.
The name of The Canvas was inspired by Webster's Dictionary definition of the word, which literally means "hempen."
From 1991–1994, The Canvas newsletter was designed and edited by Dan Vacek. During 1992, The Canvas was co-edited by Roger Gibian. In 1994–1995, Will Shetterly edited and produced The Canvas for several issues.[2] In 1996, an issue of the newsletter was edited by Steven Anderson, and the last issue, published for the 1996 elections, was edited by Tim Davis.
See also
References
Шаблон:Cannabis Шаблон:Drug policy Шаблон:Minnesota political parties Шаблон:United States state and local political parties
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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- ↑ KBJR-TV (June 29, 2012) "Duluth Head Shop Owner Continues Presidential Bid"Шаблон:Dead linkШаблон:Cbignore, MSNBC. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
- ↑ "Grassroots Party Nominates a Presidential Ticket", Ballot Access News. July 7, 2012. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
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