Английская Википедия:Gravesend power station

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Gravesend power station was built by the Gravesend Corporation in 1902–03 to supply the local demand for electricity for lighting. It was built to the west of the municipal gas works, south east of the basin on the Thames and Medway canal. The power station operated until 1970 the buildings were reused but were demolished in 1995.

The building

Gravesend power station comprised a long engine room with a short, taller boiler house to the north, and an office block to the east; the boiler house had three tall chimneys. The engine room walls were of stock brick with red brick dressings. The interior of the engine room was lit by 13 high level circular windows on the long elevation, and tall windows in the west gable end. New generating equipment was added as the demand for electricity increased.

Equipment specification

In 1923 the coal fired boilers were supplying 76,000 lb/h (9.58 kg/s) of steam to:

• 1 × 1,000 kW turbo-alternator AC
• 1 × 2,000 kW turbo-alternator AC
• 1 × 100 kW reciprocating engine DC
• 1 × 300 kW reciprocating engine DC  

These had a total generating capacity of 3400 kW.

New plant was added 1921–26 comprising:

• Boilers:
  • 3 × Babcock and Wilcox and 1 × Yarrow boilers with capacity of 1 × 50,000 lb/h (6.3 kg/s), 2 × 40,000 lb/h (5.04 kg/s) and 1 × 20,000 lb/hr (2.51 kg/s), a total generating capacity of 150,000 lb/hr (18.9 kg/s). Steam conditions were 205 and 215 psi and 560 °F, 590 °F and 600 °F (14.1 and 14.8 bar and 293 °C,  310 °C, 315 °C). The boilers supplied steam to:
• 1 × 2.0 MW British Thomson-Houston turbo-alternator operating at 6.6 kV
• 2 × 5.0 MW British Thomson-Houston turbo-alternator operating at 6.6 kV
• 1 × 750 kW Metropolitan-Vickers rotary converter operating at 6.3 kV/480 V.

By 1966 the installed generating capacity was 12 MW. The coal-fired chain gate boilers produced 147,000 lb/hr (18.5 kg/s) of steam at 175/215 psi (12.1/14.8 bar) and 285 °C.

The condenser cooling system was unusual in being cooled with water abstracted from wells.

Operating data

In 1912 the power station was supplying 36 public arc lights and 377 incandescent lights in the town. By 1919 there were no arc lights but there were 453 public lamps in Gravesend.

The generating capacity, maximum load, and electricity generated and sold (1913–37) was as follows:

Gravesend power station generating capacity, load and electricity produced and sold

Year	Generating capacity, MW	Maximum load, MW	Electricity generated, GWh	Electricity sold, GWh
1912/3	1.050	0.855	1.601	1.179
1918/9	1.850	1.275	3.517	2.456
1919/20	1.850	1.557	4.379	3.098
1923/4	8.400	3.125	10.241	8.135
1936/7	13.40	9.67	11.283	33.333

Operating data 1921–23

Detailed operating data for the period 1921–23 is shown in the table:

Gravesend power station operating data 1921–23

Electricity Use	Units	Year
		1921	1922	1923
Lighting and domestic use	MWh	2878	3899	5396
Public lighting use	MWh	133	134	205
Traction	MWh	482	453	480
Power use	MWh	Included in lighting and domestic
Total use	MWh	3493	4488	6081
Load and connected load
Maximum load	kW	1915	2250	2760
Total connections	kW	3710	4899	4880
Load factor	Per cent	29.8	33.4	34.4
Financial
Revenue from sales of current	£	–	52,734	46,862
Surplus of revenue over expenses	£	–	18,489	19,126

There was significant growth of demand and use of electricity.

Under the terms of the Electricity (Supply) Act 1926 (16-17 Geo. 5 c. 51) the Central Electricity Board (CEB) was established in 1926. The CEB identified high efficiency ‘selected’ power stations that would supply electricity most effectively. The CEB also constructed the national grid (1927–33) to connect power stations within a region.

Operating data 1946

Gravesend power station operating data in 1946 was:

Gravesend power station operating data, 1946

Year	Load factor per cent	Max output load MW	Electricity supplied GWh	Thermal efficiency per cent
1946	–	13,730	10.103	–

The British electricity supply industry was nationalised in 1948 under the provisions of the Electricity Act 1947 (10-11 Geo. 6 c. 54). The Gravesend electricity undertaking was abolished, ownership of Gravesend power station was vested in the British Electricity Authority, and subsequently the Central Electricity Authority and the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB).#council At the same time the electricity distribution and sales responsibilities of the Gravesend electricity undertaking were transferred to the South Eastern Electricity Board (SEEBOARD).

Operating data 1954–69

Operating data for the period 1954–69 is shown in the table:

Gravesend power station operating data, 1954–79

Year	Running hours or load factor (per cent)	Max output capacity  MW	Electricity supplied GWh	Thermal efficiency per cent
1954	746	10	4.183	12.53
1955	1234	10	6.138	13.17
1956	683	9	3.746	10.66
1957	430	9	2.358	10.4
1958	375	9	2.072	8.61
1961	3.5 %	10	3.096	9.79
1962	4.2%	10	3.644	9.89
1963	7.62 %	10	6.673	12.19
1966	6.6 %	10	5.780	10.38
1967	2.0 %	10	1.746	8.60
1968	2.1 %	10	1.828	8.14
1969	0.2 %	10	0.208	4.91

The electricity supplied in MWh over the power station's operating life was as follows.<graph>{ "version": 2, "width": 700, "height": 300, "data": [ { "name": "table", "values": [ { "x": 1913, "y": 1601 }, { "x": 1919, "y": 3517 }, { "x": 1920, "y": 4379 }, { "x": 1924, "y": 10241 }, { "x": 1921, "y": 3493 }, { "x": 1922, "y": 4488 }, { "x": 1923, "y": 6081 }, { "x": 1946, "y": 10103 }, { "x": 1954, "y": 4183 }, { "x": 1955, "y": 6138 }, { "x": 1956, "y": 3746 }, { "x": 1957, "y": 2358 }, { "x": 1958, "y": 2072 }, { "x": 1961, "y": 3096 }, { "x": 1962, "y": 3644 }, { "x": 1963, "y": 6673 }, { "x": 1966, "y": 5780 }, { "x": 1967, "y": 1746 }, { "x": 1968, "y": 1828 }, { "x": 1969, "y": 208 }, { "x": 1937, "y": 11283 } ] } ], "scales": [ { "name": "x", "type": "ordinal", "range": "width", "zero": false, "domain": { "data": "table", "field": "x" } }, { "name": "y", "type": "linear", "range": "height", "nice": true, "domain": { "data": "table", "field": "y" } } ], "axes": [ { "type": "x", "scale": "x" }, { "type": "y", "scale": "y" } ], "marks": [ { "type": "rect", "from": { "data": "table" }, "properties": { "enter": { "x": { "scale": "x", "field": "x" }, "y": { "scale": "y", "field": "y" }, "y2": { "scale": "y", "value": 0 }, "fill": { "value": "steelblue" }, "width": { "scale": "x", "band": "true", "offset": -1 } } } } ] }</graph> In 1958 the Gravesend electricity district supplied an area of 98 square miles and a population of 104,280. The amount of electricity sold and the number and types of consumers was as follows:

Year	Electricity sold, MWh	No. of consumers
1956	364,139	34,158
1957	412,179	35,184
1958	389,597	36,149

In 1958 the above totals were made up of the following:

Type of Consumer	No. of consumers	Electricity sold, MWh
Domestic	32,916	56,036
Commercial	2,614	17,008
Industrial	326	312,966
Farms	278	2,016
Public lighting	15	1,571
Total	36,149	389,597

Closure

The station was decommissioned in 1970. After closure the GEGB converted the station to a scientific research base, which continued in use until 1993. The buildings were demolished in 1995.

See also

• Timeline of the UK electricity supply industry
• List of power stations in England