Английская Википедия:Gravi de pugna

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Lang is a forged letter written in the name of Augustine of Hippo which asserts that the morally superior side is always superior in battle and therefore that wars are proven to be just wars by their military success. The letter was widely accepted as authentic, and reassured soldiers that God was on their side.

Ideology

Файл:Gravi de pugna (Epistula Augustino Hipponensi falso attributa).jpg
Шаблон:Lang, Patrologia Latina 33

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Шаблон:Lang is best known for its simple assertion that God will assure that the morally superior side will win military battles,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and conversely, that victory itself validates that the use of force was appropriate.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Udo Heyn claims this was a Germanic notion,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn and Phillip Wynn reports that it had long been believed in pagan antiquity by the time of this letter.Шаблон:Sfn This understanding was, in fact, utterly rejected by Augustine.Шаблон:Sfn Kelly DeVries regards the theology of Шаблон:Lang as shallow and considers it to raise problems of theodicy and legitimacy as soon as the first Christian army loses.Шаблон:Sfn

Gravi also urges prayer for victory before battle, which was also rejected by Augustine, who found such prayers inappropriate.Шаблон:Sfn

History

Шаблон:Lang was written in the fifth century.Шаблон:Sfn The letter was widely accepted as authentic from its introduction through the medieval era,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and was the most frequently cited text in this period on holy war.Шаблон:Sfn It was invoked to justify numerous wars, including by Hincmar of Reims, Rabanus Maurus, Sedulius Scottus, Ivo of Chartres, and Bernard of ClairvauxШаблон:Sfn It was also recited at the Siege of Lisbon in Шаблон:CE.Шаблон:Sfn Gravi imbued the Crusaders with confidence that God was on their side, squelching all moral concerns and leading to behavior that did not comply with then-accepted rules of war.Шаблон:Sfn

The work lost influence with the renaissance of the 12th century, which developed more sophisticated jurisprudence and moral reasoning,Шаблон:Sfn At the same time, Augustine's own opinions on just wars, which had been largely unknown, were studied by the decretists and through them, Aquinas as well.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The authenticity of Шаблон:Lang was not conclusively rejected until Erasmus.Шаблон:Sfn Although it is regarded by contemporary scholars as "obviously un-Augustinian",Шаблон:Sfn it is now widely recognized that Шаблон:Lang has inaccurately influenced scholars of Augustine's views on war even up through modern times.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Published editions

See also

Notes

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Citations

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References

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Further reading

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Шаблон:Authority control

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