Английская Википедия:Gravitas
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA) was one of the ancient Roman virtues[1] that denoted "seriousness".[2] It is also translated variously as weight, dignity, and importance and connotes restraint and moral rigor.[1] It also conveys a sense of responsibility and commitment to the task.[3]
Along with Шаблон:Lang (regard for discipline and authority), Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang (lucidity), Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang was particularly appreciated as an ideal characteristic in leaders.[2] Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang are considered more canonical virtues than the others.[1]
Roman concept
Шаблон:Lang was one of the virtues that allowed citizens, particularly statesmen, to embody the concept of Шаблон:Lang,[5] which denotes what it meant to be Roman and how Romans regarded themselves, eventually evolving into a national character.[6] Many Roman philosophers praised Шаблон:Lang (perseverance, endurance, and courage), Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang as the most important virtues; this is because they made dignified men capable. They accompany Roman actions.[7] The men of the ruling upper and upper-middle classes were educated in a public school system where Classical language and literature formed basic elements of the curriculum.[8]
Exuding Шаблон:Lang or dignified and serious conduct allowed Romans to maintain a persistent element of conservatism and traditionalism.[6] According to the Roman emperor and philosopher Marcus Aurelius, the cultivation of Шаблон:Lang involves acting with sincerity and dignity, by being temperate in manner and speech as well as by carrying oneself with authority.[9]Шаблон:Better source needed
Other sources associate Шаблон:Lang with living an austere lifestyle. It was one of the moral bases of the sanctioned control exercised by the Roman Шаблон:Lang (see Roman Censors).[1] An account described how old statesmen who realized that they no longer meet the standards of Шаблон:Lang for failing to perform their public function with dignity and Шаблон:Lang committed suicide or simply refused taking food.[5] This concerned how the Romans defined themselves and their honor.[10]
During Augustus' regime, Шаблон:Lang was not included in the four cardinal virtues (Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang) that were introduced to establish the myth of the Roman emperor and the model of a good ruler.[11]
Greek presence
Aristotle identified three essentials of persuasive communication—a component of personal presence:
- Logical argument (the ability to articulate your points clearly)
- Emotion (the ability to create or control emotion in your listeners)
- Character (the ability to convey integrity and goodwill)
Modern concepts
In the British education system, Шаблон:Lang was seen as one of the pillars of the moral formation of the English gentleman during the Victorian and Edwardian eras.[12] This partly derived from the notion of aristocratic pedigree, indicating polish, grace in manner, and dignity in outward appearance.[13] The British Empire also derived from the moral concept of Шаблон:Lang such that Шаблон:Lang and other Roman virtues were idealized in its imperial society and in the governance of its dominion.[14] India, for instance, was ruled by men whose senses of power were imbued with Roman virtues.[14] The concept of Шаблон:Lang also dominated the colonial Civil Service.[14] The United Kingdom House of Commons also uses the term "bottom",[15] which is the Conservative code for Шаблон:Lang.[16]
Шаблон:Lang is also used in communication, particularly in speech, where it denotes the use of emphasis in order to give certain words weight.[17] Self-monitoring questions can determine expressive behavior and affective display, which could translate to Шаблон:Lang in the way one conducts oneself or speaks.Шаблон:Relevance inline Self-monitoring questions can include: am I staying neutral, hindering direction, or am I helping to contribute with my participation?[18]
See also
- Шаблон:Annotated link
- Шаблон:Annotated link – also known as Шаблон:Lang in Latin
- Шаблон:Annotated link
- Шаблон:Annotated link
- Шаблон:Annotated link
References
External links
Шаблон:Ancient Rome topics Шаблон:Virtues
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Multiref2
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web