Английская Википедия:Great Blizzard of 1888

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The Great Blizzard of 1888, also known as the Great Blizzard of '88 or the Great White Hurricane (March 11–14, 1888), was one of the most severe recorded blizzards in American history. The storm paralyzed the East Coast from the Chesapeake Bay to Maine, as well as the Atlantic provinces of Canada. Snow fell from Шаблон:Convert in parts of New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, and sustained winds of more than Шаблон:Convert produced snowdrifts in excess of Шаблон:Convert. Railroads were shut down and people were confined to their homes for up to a week. Railway and telegraph lines were disabled, and this provided the impetus to move these pieces of infrastructure underground. Emergency services were also affected during this blizzard.

Storm details

Файл:Blizzard 1888 01.jpg

Streets in New York City as the storm hit. Many overhead wires broke and presented a hazard to city dwellers.

Файл:Brooklyn Bridge snowy.jpg

Brooklyn Bridge during the blizzard

The weather was unseasonably mild just before the blizzard, with heavy rains that turned to snow as temperatures dropped rapidly. On March 12, New York City dropped from Шаблон:Convert to Шаблон:Convert, and rain changed to snow at 1am. The storm began in earnest shortly after midnight on March 12 and continued unabated for a full day and a half. In a 2007 article, the National Weather Service estimated that this nor'easter dumped as much as Шаблон:Convert of snow in parts of Connecticut and Massachusetts, while parts of New Jersey and New York had up to Шаблон:Convert. Most of northern Vermont received from Шаблон:Convert to Шаблон:Convert.

Drifts averaged Шаблон:Convert, over the tops of houses from New York to New England, with reports of drifts covering three-story houses. The highest drift was recorded in Gravesend, Brooklyn at Шаблон:Convert. Шаблон:Convert of snow fell in Saratoga Springs, New York; Шаблон:Convert in Albany, New York; Шаблон:Convert in New Haven, Connecticut; and Шаблон:Convert in New York City. The storm also produced severe winds; Шаблон:Convert wind gusts were reported, although the highest official report in New York City was Шаблон:Convert, with a Шаблон:Convert gust reported at Block Island. On March 13, New York City recorded a low of Шаблон:Convert, the coldest so late in the season, with the high rising to only Шаблон:Convert.

Impacts

In New York, neither rail nor road transport was possible anywhere for days, and drifts across the New York–New Haven rail line at Westport, Connecticut, took eight days to clear. Transportation gridlock as a result of the storm was partially responsible for the creation of the first underground subway system in the United States, which opened nine years later in Boston. The New York Stock Exchange was closed for two days. A full two day weather related closure would not occur again until Hurricane Sandy in 2012.

Similarly, telegraph infrastructure was disabled, isolating Montreal and most of the large northeastern U.S. cities from Washington, D.C. to Boston for days. Following the storm, New York began placing its telegraph and telephone infrastructure underground to prevent their destruction.

Fire stations were immobilized, and property loss from fire alone was estimated at $25 million (equivalent to $Шаблон:Inflation million in Шаблон:Currentyear). The blizzard resulted in the founding of the Christman Bird and Wildlife Sanctuary located near Delanson, New York.Шаблон:Citation needed

From the Chesapeake Bay through the New England area, more than 200 ships were either grounded or wrecked, resulting in the deaths of at least 100 seamen. More than 400 people died from the storm and the ensuing cold, including 200 in New York City alone. Efforts were made to push the snow into the Atlantic Ocean. Severe flooding occurred after the storm due to melting snow, especially in the Brooklyn area, which was susceptible to flooding because of its topography.

Not all areas were notably affected by the Blizzard of 1888; an article in the Cambridge Press published five days after the storm noted that the "fall of snow in this vicinity was comparatively small, and had it not been accompanied by a strong wind it would have been regarded as rather trifling in amount, the total depth, on a level, not exceeding ten inches".

Roscoe Conkling, an influential Republican politician, died as a result of the storm after attempting to walk home during the blizzard.

On 1 October 1888, an article appeared in the first issue of the National Geographic Society magazine about the great blizzard. It was written by Edward Everett Hayden and described the blizzard and the courageous and successful struggle, told by boat-keeper Robert Robinson, of the crew from the pilot-boat Charles H. Marshall, No. 3.

Pictures

• 45th Street and Grand Central Depot, Manhattan, March 12

  45th Street and Grand Central Depot, Manhattan, March 12

• Park Place in Brooklyn, March 14

  Park Place in Brooklyn, March 14

• Brooklyn children after the blizzard

  Brooklyn children after the blizzard

• New Britain, Connecticut, March 13

  New Britain, Connecticut, March 13

• Cythera, lost with all aboard in the blizzard

  Cythera, lost with all aboard in the blizzard

• Bone Valley Trail, where a herd of cattle froze

  Bone Valley Trail, where a herd of cattle froze

• 14th Street, New York City, "just after the storm" (March 14)

  14th Street, New York City, "just after the storm" (March 14)

Further reading

• Шаблон:Cite news
• "The Great Storm of March 11 to 14, 1888", National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1889 (audio) Accessed April 17, 2012
• Шаблон:Cite web
• Шаблон:Cite web
• Шаблон:Cite news
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book

External links

• NOAA: Major winter storms Accessed April 17, 2012
• Blizzard 1888, US Government imagesШаблон:Dead link Accessed April 17, 2012
• National Snow and Ice Data Center: "Have Snow Shovel, Will Travel" Accessed April 17, 2012
• http://cslib.cdmhost.com/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15019coll17 Шаблон:Webarchive Connecticut State Library Blizzard of 1888 Photographic Collection