Английская Википедия:Great Blue Norther of November 11, 1911

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox storm On Saturday, November 11, 1911, a cold snap, known as the Great Blue Norther of 11/11/11, affected the Central United States. Many cities broke record highs, going into the 70s and 80s early that afternoon. By nightfall, cities were dealing with temperatures in the teens and single-digits on the Fahrenheit scale. This is the only day in many midwest cities' weather bureau jurisdictions where the record highs and lows were broken for the same day. Some cities experienced tornadoes on Saturday and a blizzard on Sunday. A blizzard even occurred within one hour after an F4 tornado hit Rock County, Wisconsin.Шаблон:Sfn

The front produced severe weather and tornadoes across the upper Mississippi Valley, a blizzard in Ohio, and the windy conditions upon front passage caused a dust storm in Oklahoma. Alongside the dramatic temperature swings, the cold front brought a destructive tornado outbreak to parts of the Midwest. At least 12 tornadoes touched down across five states as the system moved through, resulting in 13 fatalities. Hundreds of structures were destroyed by the storms and many areas had to conduct search and rescue missions amidst blizzard conditions. According to Thomas P. Grazulis, this outbreak was one of the worst on record in November for the north-central States.Шаблон:Sfn

Background

The main cause of such a dramatic cold snap was an extremely strong storm system separating warm, humid air from frigid, arctic air. Dramatic cold snaps tend to occur mostly in the month of November, though they can also come in February or March. These arrivals of Continental Polar or Arctic air masses are generally called northers, and the one in question was marked by a mass of steel blue clouds in the vicinity of the surface front, hence the name. Although temperature drops of this extent have happened on other occasions, as recently as February 2009, the fact that the 1911 cold front passage was during the autumn and came after such warm weather contributed to the properties mentioned in this article.

Impact

The cold front was so strong, that while several states saw record monthly highs on November 10 and 11, they saw record cold monthly lows on November 12 and 13. This was especially true in Missouri, where one station had a high of Шаблон:Convert before the storm, and after the storm, another station had a low of Шаблон:Convert. The cold front began on November 9. Rapid City, South Dakota went from Шаблон:Convert at 6am to Шаблон:Convert at 8am. Between November 10 and 11th, Denver experienced its eleventh largest two day temperature swing, from Шаблон:Convert, which is a Шаблон:Convert change.

On November 11, temperatures in Kansas City had reached a record high of Шаблон:Convert by late morning before the front moved through. As the cold front approached, the winds increased turning from southeast to northwest. By midnight, the temperature had dropped to Шаблон:Convert, a Шаблон:Convert difference in 14 hours. The next day would have a record low of Шаблон:Convert and a high of only Шаблон:Convert. In Springfield, the temperature difference was even more extreme. Springfield was at Шаблон:Convert at about 3:45 p.m. CST (21:45 UTC), before the cold front moved through. Fifteen minutes later, the temperature was at Шаблон:Convert with winds out of the northwest at Шаблон:Convert. By 7:00 p.m. CST (01:00 UTC 12 November) the temperature had dropped a further Шаблон:Convert, and by midnight (06:00 UTC), a record low of Шаблон:Convert was established. It was the first time since records had been kept for Springfield when the record high and record low were broken in the same day. The freak temperature difference was also a record breaker: Шаблон:Convert in 10 hours. Peak wind gusts reached Шаблон:Convert. The low on the morning of November 12 was Шаблон:Convert. St. Louis dropped from Шаблон:Convert in just ten minutes. Record highs and lows were established on the same day in Oklahoma City as well with a high of Шаблон:Convert and low of Шаблон:Convert; temperature difference: Шаблон:Convert. Both records still hold. The temperate dropped further to a record low of Шаблон:Convert on November 12, before gradually warming, as Oklahoma City hit Шаблон:Convert on November 13 and Шаблон:Convert on November 14. It also produced a dust storm. Tulsa, Oklahoma had an even more dramatic plunge from Шаблон:Convert in the afternoon of November 11 to Шаблон:Convert by the morning of November 12, although the temperature at midnight is not known. Independence, Kansas saw the temperature drop Шаблон:Convert from Шаблон:Convert in one hour. In Denton, Texas, the temperature drop wasn't as immediate, with it dropping from Шаблон:Convert at 5pm to Шаблон:Convert by 6pm, but the low the morning of November 12 was still Шаблон:Convert. While this wasn't Amarillo's biggest temperature drop, the drop from Шаблон:Convert is still an impressive Шаблон:Convert drop. Nearby Dallas also saw an impressive plunge from Шаблон:Convert by midnight and by the next morning the mercury was Шаблон:Convert. In Chicago, Illinois, people died separately of heatstroke and cold, respectively, within 24 hours, the first such incidence on record in the city. They dropped from Шаблон:Convert during the event. Across central Illinois, up to Шаблон:Convert of snow fell, and in Peoria, Illinois, after a high of Шаблон:Convert on November 11, the temperature crashed to Шаблон:Convert by midnight, and the high on November 12 was Шаблон:Convert. While only the southern and eastern parts of Iowa felt the Norther, the impacts there were nonetheless powerful, as Albia, Iowa fell from Шаблон:Convert in twelve hours.

The front did not reach Columbus until 3am on November 12, but when it did, temperatures plummeted from Шаблон:Convert, just a degree from a record high, to Шаблон:Convert in an hour, and down to Шаблон:Convert - a record low - that night. By November 13, temperatures dipped further to Шаблон:Convert. Lexington, KY also saw the temperature drop on the 12th, when it went from nearly Шаблон:Convert down to a record low from Шаблон:Convert. It dipped to another record low of Шаблон:Convert on November 13, and a record cold high of Шаблон:Convert was also established. However, the record low for November 13 was broken in 2019. Bowling Green saw the drop across the entire day on November 12, from Шаблон:Convert. In New York City, the swing was not quite as extreme, but still fell from Шаблон:Convert in the afternoon to Шаблон:Convert at midnight, and slipped to a record low (at that time) the next morning of Шаблон:Convert. Temperature plunges ranged from Шаблон:Convert on the East Coast. Besides the East Coast, San Antonio was also spared, with a temperature drop of only Шаблон:Convert.

Tornadoes

On Saturday, November 11, 1911, a regionally and seasonally significant tornado outbreak affected the Great Lakes region of the United States.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RefnШаблон:Refn The outbreak generated at least 13 tornadoes, including a violent, long-tracked F4 that impacted Wisconsin, killing at least nine people and injuring 50 more. Other intense tornadoes occurred in Illinois and Indiana, resulting in four additional fatalities. Several other tornadoes were reported from multiple states. In all, the outbreak killed 16 people and injured at least 101. Total losses exceeded $1.755 million (1911 USD). Tornado researcher Thomas P. Grazulis considered the outbreak to be the worst in the month of November on record at the time in the Great Lakes region.Шаблон:Sfn

Some cities experienced tornadoes on Saturday and a blizzard on Sunday. The passage of a cold front, marked by strong winds, produced severe weather, including tornadoes, across the upper Mississippi River Valley, a blizzard in Ohio, and a dust storm in Oklahoma.

Confirmed tornadoes

• A possible tornado caused extensive damage in Bedford, Lawrence County, Indiana, with losses reaching $500,000. Another possible tornado killed horses and cattle near Kingsland in Eaton County, Michigan.Шаблон:Sfn At least three other tornadoes may have affected Green, Dane, and Walworth counties, respectively, in the state of Wisconsin.

Confirmed tornadoes – Saturday, November 11, 1911Шаблон:RefnШаблон:Refn

F#	Location	County / Parish	State	Time (UTC)	Path length	Шаблон:Abbr width	Summary
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2	W of Davenport	Scott	IA	18:55–?	Шаблон:Convert	Шаблон:Convert	The first known tornado of the outbreak touched down Шаблон:Convert west of Davenport and tracked northeast. Along its path, five farms sustained damage and a barn was destroyed. One person was injured by the tornado.Шаблон:Sfn
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F4	Avon to Lima	Rock	WI	20:00–?	Шаблон:Convert	Шаблон:Convert	12 deaths – The most powerful tornado of the outbreak caused extensive damage to Rock County, Wisconsin. Beginning at 2:00 p.m. CST, the tornado tracked north-northeastward past Orfordville, passed through Hanover, skirted the northwest edge of Janesville, struck Milton, and dissipated in Lima. The worst damage occurred near Milton. Several farms were also leveled near Milton. Overall losses from the tornado reached $1,000,000. Blizzard conditions ensued within an hour of the tornado's passage. Estimates of the death toll vary, with one publication listing nine deaths. 50 people were injured along the path.Шаблон:Sfn
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2	Arenzville to Virginia	Cass	IL	22:00–?	Шаблон:Convert	Шаблон:Convert	Tornado touched down near Arenzville and tracked northeast into the town of Virginia. There, about 100 structures were damaged or destroyed. The worst damage occurred on the west side of town where 30 homes and businesses, including a church and high school, were destroyed. Overall, 12 people were injured by the tornado and losses reached $150,000.Шаблон:Sfn
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F3	S of Easton	Mason	IL	22:45–?	Шаблон:Convert	Шаблон:Unk	2 deaths – A strong tornado touched down south of Easton and destroyed several homes. Two people were killed in separate incidents near the town. Nine other people were injured by the tornado and losses reached $20,000.Шаблон:Sfn
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2	E of Aurora	DuPage	IL	23:30–?	Шаблон:Convert	Шаблон:Unk	A tornado touched down east of Aurora and damaged several buildings. One home lost its roof and another was struck by debris from a barn. The tornado was last noted moving into the "big woods" northeast of Aurora. Losses from the storm reached $10,000.Шаблон:Sfn
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F3	Leroy to S of Michigan City	Lake, Porter	IN	01:00–?	Шаблон:Convert	Шаблон:Convert	A strong, long-lived tornado first touched down near Leroy and tracked northeast to Michigan City. The most significant damage took place near Lake Eliza where a school was destroyed. Debris from the building was tossed up to Шаблон:Convert away. Another school in Jackson Township was also destroyed. Along the tornado's path, buildings were destroyed on 15 farms. One person was picked up and tossed to his neighbor's house by the storm. According to Thomas P. Grazulis, this tornado was likely a tornado family and not a single, continuous event. Five injuries occurred along the path.Шаблон:Sfn
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | FU	Terre Haute	Vigo	IN	02:10–?	≥Шаблон:Convert	Шаблон:Unk	Apparent tornado struck Terre Haute and injured three people. Touching down in the heart of the town, the tornado soon struck a grocery store, blowing out lights and windows. Several barns along the tornado's path were completely destroyed or flattened. One home in the city was flattened and swept clean off its foundation, leaving just an underground cellar behind. The second floor of the John Rankin School was destroyed. The caboose of a train in the town was thrown off the tracks, injuring the occupants.
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2	Waterloo	DeKalb	IN	03:00–?	Шаблон:Convert	Шаблон:Convert	A significant tornado struck the town of Waterloo, damaging or destroying at least 100 structures. An opera house in Waterloo collapsed due to the tornado. Just outside town, several farms were also severely damaged. Losses from the storm reached $75,000.Шаблон:Sfn
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2	SE of Battle Creek	Calhoun	MI	03:00–?	Шаблон:Unk	Шаблон:Unk	Tornado touched down well to the southeast of Battle Creek. Several barns were leveled and homes were damaged.Шаблон:Sfn
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2	Laingsburg to Owosso	Shiawassee	MI	04:05–?	Шаблон:Convert	Шаблон:Convert	2 deaths – Extensive damage took place in Laingsburg. Five factories and twenty homes were destroyed. Two people were killed when the upper floor of their home collapsed on them. 21 people were injured throughout the town. Just outside Laingsburg, 15 barns were destroyed by the tornado. Overall losses from the storm reached $500,000.Шаблон:Sfn
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | FU	Unknown	Kankakee	IL	Шаблон:Unk	Шаблон:Unk	Шаблон:Unk	A study in 1993 chronicling all tornadoes in Illinois prior to 1916 revealed that a tornado touched down in Kankakee County.Шаблон:Sfn
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | FU	Unknown	Cumberland	IL	Шаблон:Unk	Шаблон:Unk	Шаблон:Unk	A study in 1993 chronicling all tornadoes in Illinois prior to 1916 revealed that a tornado touched down in Cumberland County.Шаблон:Sfn
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | FU	Genesee to Lisbon	Waukesha	WI	Шаблон:Unk	Шаблон:Unk	Шаблон:Unk	Homes, barns, chicken coops, sheds, and various outbuildings were unroofed or blown off their foundations.

See also

• List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
  • List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
• Twosday
• Tornado outbreak of November 17, 2013 – Deadliest and costliest November outbreak on record in Illinois and the largest for that month on record in Indiana

Sources

• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal Шаблон:Open access
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal