Английская Википедия:Great Living Chola Temples

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Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site The Great Living Chola Temples is a UNESCO World Heritage Site designation for a group of Chola dynasty era Hindu temples in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The temple at Thanjavur was added in the list in 1987, while the other two temples were added in 2004.[1]

Completed between early 11th and the 12th century CE, the monuments include:[2]

World Heritage Site recognition

The Temple Complex at Thanjavur was recognised in 1987. The Temple Complex at Gangaikonda Cholapuram and the Airavatesvara Temple Complex were added as extensions to the site in 2004. The criteria for inclusion in the "Great Living Chola Temples" site are:

  • Criterion (i): The three Chola temples of Southern India represent an outstanding creative achievement in the architectural conception of the pure form of the Dravidan type of temple.
  • Criterion (ii): The Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur became the first great example of the Chola temples, followed by a development of which the other two properties also bear witness.
  • Criterion (iii): The three Great Chola Temples are an exceptional and the most outstanding testimony to the development of the architecture of the Chola Empire and the Tamil civilization in Southern India.
  • Criterion (iv): The Great Chola temples at Thanjavur, at Gangaikondacholapuram and Kumbakonam are outstanding examples of the architecture and the representation of the Chola ideology.

Temples

Thanjavur is about Шаблон:Convert southwest of Chennai. Gangaikonda Cholapuram and Darasuram are respectively about Шаблон:Convert and about Шаблон:Convert to its northeast. Шаблон:Location map+

Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur

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Файл:Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.jpg
Thanjavur temple

The Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva.[3][4] It is one of the largest South Indian temples and an exemplary example of fully realized Tamil architecture.[5] Built by Raja Raja Chola I between 1003 and 1010 AD. The original monuments of this 11th century temple were built around a moat. It included gopura, the main temple, its massive tower, inscriptions, frescoes and sculptures predominantly related to Shaivism, but also of Vaishnvaism and Shaktism traditions of Hinduism. The temple was damaged in its history and some artwork is now missing. Additional mandapam and monuments were added in centuries that followed. The temple now stands amidst fortified walls that were added after the 16th century.Шаблон:Sfn[6]

Built out of granite, the vimanam tower above the sanctum is one of the tallest in South India.[4] The temple has a massive colonnaded prakara (corridor) and one of the largest Shiva linga in India.[4]Шаблон:Sfn It is also famed for the quality of its sculpture, as well as being the location that commissioned the brass Nataraja – Shiva as the lord of dance, in 11th century. The complex includes shrines for Nandi, Amman, Subrahmanyar, Ganesha, Sabhapati, Dakshinamurti, Chandesrvarar, Varahi and others.Шаблон:Sfn The temple is one of the most visited tourist attractions in Tamil Nadu.[7]

Brihadisvara Temple in Gangaikonda Cholapuram

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Файл:"A low angle of Brihadisvara Temple of Gangaikonda Cholapuram ".JPG
A low angle of the Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple

The Brihadisvara Temple at Gangaikonda Cholapuram is a Hindu temple located at Gangaikonda Cholapuram about Шаблон:Convert from the Thanjavur Brihadisvara Temple. Completed in 1035 AD by Rajendra Chola I as a part of his new capital, this Chola dynasty era temple is similar in design and has a similar name as the 11th century, and sometimes just called the Gangaikondacholapuram temple.Шаблон:Sfn[8]Шаблон:Sfn

It is dedicated to Shiva and based on a square plan, but the temple reverentially displays Vaishnavism, Shaktism and syncretic equivalence themes of Hinduism with statues of Vishnu, Durga, Surya, Harihara, Ardhanishvara, and others.[8][9]Шаблон:Sfn In addition to the main shrine with linga, the temple complex has a number of smaller shrines, gopura, and other monuments, with some partially ruined or restored in later centuries. The temple is famed for its bronze sculptures, artwork on its walls, the Nandi and the scale of its curvilinear tower.[8]Шаблон:Sfn[10]

Airavatesvara Temple

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Файл:Airavatesvara Temple Chariot.jpg
Airavatesvara Temple

The Airavatesvara Temple is in the city of Kumbakonam, South India, completed in 1166 AD.[11] It is one among a cluster of eighteen medieval era large Hindu temples in the Kumbakonam area.[12] The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva. It also reverentially displays Vaishnavism and Shaktism traditions of Hinduism, along with the legends associated with sixty three Nayanars – the Bhakti movement saints of Shaivism.Шаблон:Sfn[13][14]

Named after the White Elephant of Indra, this temple is a testimony to the grand temple architecture of the Cholan Empire. It is the last of the three great Cholan temples built by successive generations of kings starting from Rajaraja I. Airavateswara temple was built by Rajaraja II around 1150 AD. One of the striking features of this temple is Rajagambhira Thirumandapam - Royal Courtyard, with intricately carved pillars, long steps made of granite stones and elegant chariots drawn by horse - again hewn out of stone. You will see finer workmanship in this temple than the earlier temples. Darasuram is literally a stone's throw away from Kumbakonam.

The stone temple incorporates a chariot structure, and includes major Vedic and Puranic deities such as Indra, Agni, Varuna, Vayu, Brahma, Surya, Vishnu, Saptamtrikas, Durga, Saraswati, Sri Devi (Lakshmi), Ganga, Yamuna, Subrahmanya, Ganesha, Kama, Rati and others.Шаблон:Sfn The temple was much larger and once had seven courtyards according to inscriptions. Only one courtyard survives; parts of the temple such as the gopuram are in ruins, and the main temple and the main temple and associated shrines stand alone.[15] The temple continues to attract large gatherings of Hindu pilgrims every year.[16]Шаблон:Sfn[17]

Kailasnather Temple

The 'Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchipuram is a Pallava-era historic Hindu temple in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India. Dedicated to Shiva, it is one of the oldest surviving monuments in Kanchipuram.[18] It reflects a Dravidian architecture and was built about 700 CE by Narasimhavarman II with additions by Mahendravarman III.[19] A square-plan temple, it has a mukha-mandapa (entrance hall), a maha-mandapa (gathering hall) and a primary garbha-griya (sanctum) topped with a four-storey vimana. The main sanctum is surrounded by nine shrines, seven outside and two inside flanking the entrance of the sanctum, all with forms of Shiva. The outer walls of the temple's prakara (courtyard) is also surrounded by cells.[19]

The Kailasanathar temple is notable for its intricately carved galaxy of Hindu art in the late 7th- and early 8th-century Tamil tradition. These largely relate to Shaivism, yet also include significant number of themes from Vaishnavism, Shaktism and Vedic deities.[20] The temple is also notable for one of the early and best specimens of Hindu mural art in Tamil Nadu. This is found in the inner walls of the courtyard cells. The murals are in a style that is also found in the Ajanta Caves, as well as in the historic paintings in the 8th-century Vaikunthaperumal temple, also in Kanchipuram.[21] The temple walls have many inscriptions in early scripts, important to the epigraphical study of regional history and Tamil temple traditions.[22]

The structure contains 58 small shrines which are dedicated to various forms of Shiva. These are built into niches on the inner face of the high compound wall of the circumambulatory passage.[23][24] The temple is one of the most prominent tourist attractions of the city.[25]

Gallery

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

External links


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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Thanjavur, Encyclopaedia Britannica
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Great Living Chola Temples, Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India
  9. ↑ PV Jagadisa Ayyar (1993), South Indian Shrines, Asian Educational Services, Шаблон:ISBN, pages 291-295
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ Ayyar 1992, pp. 349-350
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Ayyar 1993, p. 351
  16. ↑ Ayyar 1992, pp. 350-351
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  18. ↑ Emma Stein (2017), All Streets Lead to Temples: Mapping Monumental Histories in Kanchipuram, Yale University Press, pp. 23–25, 41–44
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 K.R. Srinivasan (1972), Temples of South India (Editor: B.V. Keskar), National Book Trust, p. 115–116
  20. ↑ Emma Stein (2017), All Streets Lead to Temples: Mapping Monumental Histories in Kanchipuram, Yale University Press, pp. 47–51
  21. ↑ S Paramasivan (1938), Technique of the Painting Process in the Kailasanatha and Vaikunthaperumal Temples at Kanchipuram, Nature, No. 3599 (October 22), Nature Publishing Group, p. 757
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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