Английская Википедия:Great Moon Hoax
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish
The "Great Moon Hoax", also known as the "Great Moon Hoax of 1835" was a series of six articles published in The Sun (a New York newspaper), beginning on August 25, 1835, about the supposed discovery of life and civilization on the Moon. The discoveries were falsely attributed to Sir John Herschel and his fictitious companion Andrew Grant.[1]
The story was advertised on August 21, 1835, as an upcoming feature allegedly reprinted from The Edinburgh Courant.[2] The first in a series of six was published four days later on August 25. These articles were never retracted, however on September 16, 1835, The Sun admitted the articles were in fact fabricated.[3]
Hoax
The headline read:
The articles described animals on the Moon, including bison, single-horned goats, mini zebras, unicorns, bipedal tail-less beavers and bat-like winged humanoids ("Vespertilio-homo") who built temples.[4] There were trees, oceans and beaches. These discoveries were supposedly made with "an immense telescope of an entirely new principle". The telescope - transported to South Africa from New England - was said to be many times larger than any other telescope in the world. The lens measured "24 feet in diameter and 7 tons in weight".[4]
"Vespertilio-homo" can be translated from Latin as man-bat, bat-man, or man-bats.[5][6][7]
A reprinted edition of 1836 added a second type named the Vespertiliones or the bat-men.[8] The author of the narrative was ostensibly Dr. Andrew Grant, the travelling companion and amanuensis of Sir John Herschel, but Grant was fictitious.
Eventually, the authors announced that the observations had been terminated by the destruction of the telescope, by means of the Sun causing the lens to act as a "burning glass", setting fire to the observatory.[9]
Authorship
The writer of the article was at first not known to the public. Initially, authorship of the article has been attributed to Richard Adams Locke (1800–1871),[10][11] a reporter who, in August 1835, was working for The Sun. Eventually, Locke publicly admitted to being the author in 1840, in a letter to the weekly paper New World.[12] Despite Locke's claims, rumours persisted that others were involved in the articles' creation.
Two other men have been noted in connection with the hoax: Jean-Nicolas Nicollet,[10] a French astronomer travelling in America at the time (though he was in Mississippi, not New York, when the Moon-hoax issues appeared), and Lewis Gaylord Clark, editor of The Knickerbocker, a literary magazine. However, there is no good evidence to indicate that anyone but Locke was the author of the hoax.
Assuming that Richard A. Locke was the author, his intentions were probably, first, to create a sensational story which would increase sales of The Sun, and, second, to ridicule some of the more extravagant astronomical theories that had recently been published. Locke had meant for the hoax to act of a satire to show how science can be and is influenced by the thoughts of religion.[4] For instance, in 1824, Franz von Paula Gruithuisen, professor of astronomy at Munich University, had published a paper titled "Discovery of Many Distinct Traces of Lunar Inhabitants, Especially of One of Their Colossal Buildings". One theory is that this paper is responsible for inspiring the articles written by Locke.[13]
In his paper, Gruithuisen claimed to have observed various shades of color on the lunar surface, which he correlated with climate and vegetation zones. He also observed lines and geometrical shapes, which he felt indicated the existence of walls, roads, fortifications, and cities. However, a more direct object of Locke's satire was Rev. Thomas Dick, who was known as "The Christian Philosopher" after the title of his first book.[14] Dick had computed that the Solar System contained 21,891,974,404,480 (21.9 trillion) inhabitants. In fact, the Moon alone, by his count, would contain 4,200,000,000 inhabitants.[15] His writings were very popular in America; intellectual Ralph Waldo Emerson was one of his fans.[16]
Reactions
According to legend, The SunШаблон:'s circulation increased dramatically because of the hoax and remained permanently greater than before, thereby establishing The Sun as a successful paper. It brought the journal to international fame, and the hoax resembled crime reports that allowed the readers to play detective, trying to discover the truth.[17][18]
However, the degree to which the hoax increased the paper's circulation has certainly been exaggerated in popular accounts of the event. It was not discovered to be a hoax for several weeks after its publication and, even then, the newspaper did not issue a retraction.[19]
Herschel was initially amused by the hoax, noting that his own real observations could never be as exciting. He later became annoyed when he had to answer questions from people who believed the hoax was serious.[20]
Edgar Allan Poe claimed the story was a plagiarism of his earlier work "The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall," and "Hans Phaall – A Tale", published in the Southern Literary Messenger. His editor at the time was Richard Adams Locke. He later published "The Balloon-Hoax" in the same newspaper.[21]As well as "The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall". The story was reprinted in the New York Transcript on September 2–5, 1835, under the headline "Lunar Discoveries, Extraordinary Aerial Voyage by Baron Hans Pfaall".[22]
Poe described a voyage to the Moon in a balloon, in which Pfaall lives for five years on the Moon with lunarians and sends back a lunarian to Earth. The Poe Moon hoax was less successful because of the satiric and comical tone of the account. Locke was able to upstage Poe and to steal his thunder. In 1846, Poe would write a biographical sketch of Locke as part of his series "The Literati of New York City" which appeared in Godey's Lady's Book.[22]
Legacy
The hoax is featured in Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History.[23]
The Moon Trilogy - a series of fantasy novels by the Polish author Jerzy Żuławski, published in 1903–1911. The series consists of the following novels: On the Silver Globe. Manuscript from the Moon, The Conqueror and Old Earth.
Nate DiMeo's historical podcast The Memory Palace dedicated a 2010 episode to the Great Moon Hoax entitled "The Moon in the Sun".[24]
The hoax inspired a three-part musical by composer Matt Dahan as part of his musical radio series Pulp Musicals.[25]
Richard Adams Locke and the Great Moon Hoax are fictionalized in chapter 14 of Félix J. Palma's 2012 novel The Map of the Sky.Шаблон:Cn
The hoax reflected a time when readers were looking for entertainment as much as information from penny press newspapers, which would later change with the development of ethical reporting.[26]
See also
- Bat Boy (character)
- The Man in the Moone
- A Trip to the Moon, a 1902 French science fiction film in which the Moon is inhabited by insect-like aliens
- Lunarcy!
- A True Story, novel written by Lucian of Samosata featuring bizarre encounters on the Moon
- Moon landing conspiracy theories
- Martian canals
References
Further reading
- Evans, David S., "The Great Moon Hoax", Sky & Telescope, 196 (September 1981) and 308 (October 1981).
- Goodman, Matthew, The Sun and the Moon: The Remarkable True Account of Hoaxers, Showmen, Dueling Journalists, and Lunar Man-Bats in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York: Basic Books, 2008) Шаблон:ISBN
External links
- The Moon Hoax (1859 reprint) at Internet Archive
- The Moon Hoax eBook at Project Gutenberg
- Шаблон:Librivox book
- "The Great Moon Hoax of 1835" by R. J. Brown at HistoryReference.org (archived 2016-02-24)
- "Episode 24: The Moon in the Sun" Шаблон:Webarchive (2010 podcast) at The Memory Palace
- "The Great Moon Hoax of 1835" (after 2011) at The Museum of Hoaxes – with linked transcripts of the 6 newspaper articles
- "The Great Moon Hoax of 1835" (2011) at Victorian Gothic (archived 2017-06-30)
- "Richard Adams Locke" by Edgar Allan Poe – biographical essay from 1846 series The Literati of New York City
- "Belief, Legend, and the Great Moon Hoax" (2014) at Library of Congress
- Шаблон:Isfdb name
- Шаблон:LCAuth
- "The 'Great Moon Hoax' that fooled the world" (2022 podcast) at BBC Global News Ltd
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Maliszewski, Paul. "Paper Moon", Wilson Quarterly. Winter 2005. p. 26.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Lunar Bat-men, the Planet Vulcan and Martian Canals, Smithsonian Magazine, Erik Washam, December 2010
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ The Christian Philosopher
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Burrows, Edwin G. (1999) Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, Oxford University Press, pp. 524–525
- ↑ Goodman, Matthew (2008). The Sun and the Moon: The Remarkable True Account of Hoaxers, Showmen, Dueling Journalists, and Lunar Man-Bats in Nineteenth-Century New York, Basic Books Шаблон:ISBN?
- ↑ Falk, Doris V. "Thomas Low Nichols, Poe, and the 'Balloon Hoax'" collected in Poe Studies, vol. V, no. 2. December 1972. p. 48.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 22,0 22,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Burrows, Edwin G. (1999) Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, Oxford University Press, pp. 524–525
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite podcast
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ In Defense of Vespertilio-homo: Finding the Truth in the 1835 Moon Hoax, James Eric Black, Georgia State University.
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