Английская Википедия:Great North of Scotland Railway

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Featured article Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox rail

The Great North of Scotland Railway (GNSR) was one of the two smallest of the five major Scottish railway companies prior to the 1923 Grouping, operating in the north-east of the country. Formed in 1845, it carried its first passengers the Шаблон:Convert from Kittybrewster, in Aberdeen, to Huntly on 20 September 1854. By 1867 it owned Шаблон:Convert of line and operated over a further Шаблон:Convert.

The early expansion was followed by a period of forced economy, but in the 1880s the railway was refurbished, express services began to run and by the end of that decade there was a suburban service in Aberdeen. The railway operated its main line between Aberdeen and Шаблон:Rws and two routes west to Шаблон:Rws, connections could be made at both Keith and Elgin for Highland Railway services to Inverness. There were other junctions with the Highland Railway at Шаблон:Rws and Шаблон:Rws, and at Aberdeen connections for journeys south over the Caledonian and North British Railways. Its eventual area encompassed the three Scottish counties of Aberdeenshire, Banffshire and Moray, with short lengths of line in Inverness-shire and Kincardineshire.[1]

Fish from the North Sea ports and whisky from the distilleries of Speyside became important goods traffic. The Royal Family used the Deeside Line for travel to and from Balmoral Castle and when they were in residence a daily special 'Messenger Train' ran from Aberdeen; for most of the railway's life this was its only Sunday service. The company ran three hotels, and a network of feeder bus services was developed in the early 20th century. In 1923, it became part of the London and North Eastern Railway as its Northern Scottish area, passing on Шаблон:Convert of line and 122 steam locomotives, most of them 4-4-0 tender locomotives. The railway had several branches, but only its main line remains today as part of the Aberdeen to Inverness Line. Шаблон:TOC limit

History

Half way to Inverness, 1845–1858

Establishment and constructionШаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Infobox UK legislation In 1845 the Great North of Scotland Railway was formed to build a railway from Aberdeen to Inverness. The proposed Шаблон:Convert route, which needed few major engineering works, followed the River Don to Inverurie, via Huntly and Keith to a crossing of the River Spey, and then to Elgin and along the coast via Nairn to Inverness. Branch lines to Banff, Portsoy, Garmouth and Burghead would total Шаблон:Convert. At the same time the Perth & Inverness Railway proposed a direct route over the Grampian Mountains to Perth, and the Aberdeen, Banff & Elgin Railway suggested a route that followed the coast to better serve the Banffshire and Morayshire fishing ports. Three private bills were presented to Parliament seeking permission to build a railway, but the Aberdeen, Banff & Elgin failed to raise funds, and the Perth & Inverness Railway was rejected because the railway would be at altitudes that approached Шаблон:Convert and needed steep gradients. The Great North of Scotland Railway Act 1846 received royal assent on 26 June 1846.Шаблон:Sfn

In the aftermath of the railway mania railway companies became an unpopular investment and the necessary finance could not be raised. The company suggested at a meeting in November 1849 that whereas £650,000 was needed for a double-track railway from Aberdeen to Inverness, only £375,000 would be needed for a single-track railway from Kittybrewster, Шаблон:Convert from Aberdeen, to Keith, half way to Inverness. The meeting recommended that the bridges and works be built wide enough for a second track when this was needed.Шаблон:Sfn Construction eventually began in November 1852, albeit to Huntly, Шаблон:Convert short of Keith,Шаблон:Sfn with William Cubitt as engineer. The severe winter the following year delayed work. Between Inverurie and Aberdeen the line took over the Aberdeenshire Canal, the purchase of which delayed construction as it was necessary to settle the claims of each shareholder individually.Шаблон:Sfn

Opening

Файл:Huntly station, GNoSR opening.jpg
The reception at Huntly for the official opening train

After an inspection by the Board of Trade, the railway opened to goods on 12 September 1854 and approval for the carriage of passengers was given two days later. The railway was officially opened on 19 September, and two locomotives hauling twenty-five carriages carrying 400 passengers left Kittybrewster at 11 am. The number of passengers had grown to about 650 by the time the train arrived to a celebration at Huntly at 1:12 pm. Public services began the following day.Шаблон:Sfn

There were stations at:Шаблон:Sfn

The railway was single track with passing loops at the termini and at Kintore, Inverurie and Insch; the loop at Kittybrewster was clear of the platform to allow the locomotive to run round the carriages and push them into the station.Шаблон:Sfn A daily goods train took up to 3 hours 40 minutes for the Шаблон:Convert, the goods to Aberdeen also carried passengers and mailШаблон:Sfn and spared cattle a two-day drive to market.Шаблон:Sfn Initially there were three passenger services a day taking two hours,Шаблон:Sfn fares being Шаблон:Fract old pence (d) a mile for first class and Шаблон:Fractd for third; on one train a day in each direction it was possible to travel for the statutory fare of 1d a mile.Шаблон:Efn Although cheaper than travelling by coach,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn these fares and the charges for the transport of goods were considered high but not reduced for thirty years.Шаблон:Sfn

The railway opened short of rolling stock as only half of the twelve locomotives and twenty-four of forty passenger carriages ordered had arrived. The carriage builders, Brown, Marshall & Co of Birmingham, stated that based on their experience they had expected the line to open at least two months late.Шаблон:Sfn The third day after opening to passengers, on 23 September, there was a collision between two trains at Kittybrewster that resulted in the death of a passenger and several serious injuries.Шаблон:Sfn The inquiry found that the driver, attempting to make up time after a late start, had over-run previous stations and been approaching the terminus with excessive speed. The driver attempted to select reverse gear to slow the train but had failed to hold on to the lever, which slipped into forward, propelling the train into carriages waiting at the platform. The report also criticised the station staff, who should not have allowed the carriages to be waiting at the station. The layout at Kittybrewster was altered after the accident.[2]

Waterloo, Keith and Inverness

Файл:GNoSR Aberdeen to Inverness.svg
The Great North of Scotland and Inverness & Aberdeen Junction Railway route between Aberdeen and Inverness that opened in August 1858

The Aberdeen Railway (AR) opened from the south to Ferryhill, south of Aberdeen, in April 1850. It had been previously arranged that the Aberdeen and Great North would amalgamate, but this was annulled that year and the Aberdeen was seeking alliances with railways to the south.Шаблон:Sfn In 1854 the AR opened its Guild Street terminus in AberdeenШаблон:Sfn and the Great North sought and obtained powers for a Шаблон:Convert branch that followed the Aberdeenshire Canal from Kittybrewster to a terminus at Waterloo by the docks. The line was opened to goods traffic on 24 September 1855 and passengers on 1 April 1856. Kittybrewster station was rebuilt with through platforms and the offices moved to Waterloo station from premises at 75 Union Street. The stations were Шаблон:Convert apart and a goods line was built though the docks linking the two railways, worked by horses as steam locomotives were prohibited.Шаблон:Sfn

The Inverness & Nairn Railway was authorised in 1854 to build a railway from Inverness to Nairn. The Great North, still seeking to reach Inverness, had objected but withdrew after running rights over the railway were promised. The Шаблон:Convert line was opened on 6 November 1855,Шаблон:Sfn and Inverness & Elgin Junction Railway was formed to extend this line to Elgin. The Great North objected again, this time citing the expense of crossing the Spey, but withdrew after it was suggested that the cost of a bridge would be shared. The new company changed its name to Inverness & Aberdeen Junction Railway, but no final undertaking on running rights was made.Шаблон:Sfn

The Шаблон:Convert extension of the Great North to Keith was opened on 10 October 1856, with two intermediate stations at Шаблон:Rws and Grange. Initially five services a day ran between Aberdeen and Keith, taking between 2 hours 40 minutes and 3 hours 5 minutes, although the number of services was later reduced to four.Шаблон:Sfn The route between Nairn and Keith authorised on 21 July 1856 required less earthwork, reducing cost, but had steeper gradients than had originally been proposed, and the Great North contributed £40,000 towards a bridge over the Spey. The line reached Dalvey (near Forres) in 1857, and Keith on 18 August 1858. Three services a day ran the Шаблон:Convert between Aberdeen and Inverness, increasing to five a day east of Keith, and the journey to Inverness took between 5 hours and 55 minutes and 6 hours 30 minutes.Шаблон:Efn The Great North did not insist on running rights west of Keith, but through carriages were probably provided from the start.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

Expansion, 1854–1866

Шаблон:GNoSR main line 1866 RDT

Formartine and Buchan Railway

Шаблон:Main Permission to build a line to serve the fishing ports at Peterhead and Fraserburgh was received in 1846, but this lapsed during the financial collapse that had followed. Two rival bills were presented in 1856, one by the Formartine and Buchan Railway and backed by the Great North, and another by the Aberdeen, Peterhead & Fraserburgh Railway. Both companies failed to obtain permission for two years, but in 1858 the Formartine and Buchan Railway was successful.Шаблон:Sfn A Шаблон:Convert long railway from Dyce to Old Deer (renamed Шаблон:Rws in 1867) opened on 18 July 1861 and the main line between Kittybrewster and Dyce was doubled. The branch was extended the Шаблон:Convert to a station at Peterhead the following year and a Шаблон:Convert long branch north from Шаблон:Rws to Fraserburgh station opened on 24 April 1865. Three or four services a day ran between Aberdeen, Fraserburgh and Peterhead, with the trains dividing at Maud; travel times were between Шаблон:Fract and Шаблон:Fract hours.Шаблон:Sfn The railway was absorbed by the Great North of Scotland Railway on 1 August 1866.Шаблон:Sfn

Alford Valley Railway

The Alford Valley Railway left the main line at Kintore for Шаблон:Rws. The railway was authorised in 1856 with the backing of the Great North; most of the company's directors were also on the board of the Great North. The line was steeply graded over a summit at Tillyfourie, at between 1 in 70 and 1 in 75. The line opened in 1859 with a service of four trains a day calling at Шаблон:Rws, Шаблон:Rws and Шаблон:Rws. In 1862 the Great North guaranteed the company's debts and it was subsequently absorbed by the Great North of Scotland Railway on 1 August 1866.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Inverury and Old Meldrum Junction Railway

Шаблон:See also The branch from Inverurie, backed by local residents with funding from the Great North, was authorised on 15 June 1855. The official opening took place on 26 June 1856 with public services starting on 1 July. Journeys took from 18 to 20 minutes to cover the Шаблон:Convert to Old Meldrum with a stop at Шаблон:Rws; a further station opened in 1866 at Шаблон:Rws. In June 1858 the line was leased to the Great North for a rental of £650 per yearШаблон:Sfn (Шаблон:Inflation).Шаблон:Inflation-fn The railway was absorbed by the Great North of Scotland Railway on 1 August 1866.Шаблон:Sfn

Banff, Macduff and Turriff Railways

Шаблон:Main Plans to reach fishing ports at Macduff and Banff from Inverurie were proposed when the Great North was first suggested, but failed because of the lack of financial support. A different route, from Milton Inveramsay, allowed for a shorter route with easier gradients. Unable to raise sufficient money for a line to the coast, a shorter Шаблон:Convert line to Шаблон:Rws was built. The Great North invested in the railway, and directors sat on the board of the Junction Railway. The new line, together with a junction station at Шаблон:Rws, opened on 5 September 1857.Шаблон:Sfn A separate company, the Banff, Macduff and Turriff Extension Railway, built an extension to a station called Шаблон:Rws. The line was operated by the Great North from 4 June 1860,Шаблон:Sfn and served an inconvenient terminus high on a hill Шаблон:Convert from Macduff and Шаблон:Convert from the bridge across the River Deveron to Banff. Four trains a day ran from Inveramsay, taking between 1 hour 30 minutes and 1 hour 50 minutes, with connections with services to Aberdeen.Шаблон:Sfn Both railways were absorbed by the Great North of Scotland Railway on 1 August 1866,Шаблон:Sfn and the line was extended Шаблон:Convert to a new Шаблон:Rws station in 1872.Шаблон:Sfn

Banff, Portsoy and Strathisla Railway

Файл:Steam train at Banff station.jpg
Banff station in 1964

Шаблон:Main The railway was authorised in 1857 from Grange, on the Great North main line, Шаблон:Convert to Banff, with a Шаблон:Convert branch from Шаблон:Rws to Шаблон:Rws. The chairman of the company, Thomas Bruce, was also deputy chairman of the Inverness & Aberdeen Junction Railway, with the other directors being made up of local men; most of the investments were raised locally and in small amounts. Most of the line was built with gradients up to 1 in 70, but the half-mile of 1 in 30 goods line to the harbour at Portsoy was restricted to one locomotive and four wagons. The railway opened on 30 July 1859, with public services starting on 2 August following a derailment on the opening day. Services connected with the Great North at Grange.Шаблон:Sfn With the railway struggling to pay the interest on its debt, in 1863 the Great North took over running the services and the line renamed the Banffshire Railway. The Great North provided three trains a day between Grange and Banff that connected at Tillynaught for Portsoy, and two trains a day along the coast between Banff and Portsoy. Permission for a Шаблон:Convert extension from Portsoy to Portgordon was given, but the necessary investment could not be found. Amalgamation with the Great North was authorised in 1866, but financial problems delayed this until 12 August 1867, and the Portgordon extension was abandoned.Шаблон:Sfn

Keith and Dufftown Railway

Шаблон:Main The Great North sought to have its own route west of Keith, with Grantown-on-Spey as an objective, where it hoped to meet any possible line between Perth and Inverness.Шаблон:Sfn To this end, it invested in the Keith and Dufftown Railway; this company was incorporated on 27 July 1857, but lack of money slowed progress. Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Powers for a longer, but cheaper, route between the two towns were secured on 25 May 1860.Шаблон:Sfn The revised route included steeper gradients than those planned in 1857; the maximum gradient was now 1 in 60 instead of 1 in 70.Шаблон:Sfn There was a viaduct over the Fiddich of two spans, and there were three intermediate stations: Earlsmill (renamed Шаблон:Rws in 1897), Botriphnie (renamed Шаблон:Rws in 1862) and Шаблон:Rws.Шаблон:Sfn When the line opened on 21 February 1862, the trains were worked by the Great North under an agreement dating from the formation of the company.Шаблон:Sfn The railway was absorbed by the Great North of Scotland Railway on 1 August 1866.Шаблон:Sfn

Strathspey Railway

Файл:Blacksboat railway station 1821111 945d5071.jpg
Blacksboat station in 1961

Шаблон:Main With promises of substantial goods traffic of iron and timber and from the local whisky distilleries,Шаблон:Sfn extension of the line to Dufftown into Strathspey was sought and obtained on 17 May 1861.Шаблон:Sfn The Strathspey Railway was sponsored by the Keith & Dufftown and Great North of Scotland Railways, who appointed directors to the board, and the Great North undertook to run the services. The Шаблон:Convert line first headed north to meet an extension of the Morayshire Railway at Strathspey Junction (called Шаблон:Rws from 1864), before following the River Spey to Abernethy. The Act also permitted a branch to the proposed Inverness & Perth Junction Railway at Grantown-on-Spey.Шаблон:Sfn The gradients were not severe, but the route required the Spey and its tributaries to be crossed many times, with three bridges built over the river itself. The line was placed in cuttings greater than Шаблон:Convert deep, and there was one Шаблон:Convert long tunnel.Шаблон:Sfn The line was opened on 1 July 1863 to Abernethy (later called Шаблон:Rws). The line between Dufftown and Craigellachie became the main line and services continued over the Morayshire Railway, opening up a route between Keith and Шаблон:Rws independent of the Inverness & Aberdeen Junction Railway (IAJR). The IAJR kept most of the through traffic as its line was more direct, only Шаблон:Convert instead of Шаблон:Convert via the Great North route. The Great North ran four trains a day from Elgin to Keith via Craigellachie, with through carriages or connections for three trains for Aberdeen at Keith. Connections at Elgin were poor because travel over the two routes took a different length of time.Шаблон:Sfn

The line from Craigellachie became a branch with three trains a day calling at all stations at an average speed of about Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn The link to Grantown-on-Spey was not built, but on 1 August 1866 services were extended to meet the IAJR (now the Highland Railway) at Шаблон:Rws. The railways met Шаблон:Convert north of Boat and conflict arose over the manning of the signalbox at the junction, with the Highland refusing to make any contribution. For a while between March and June 1868 Great North services terminated at Nethy Bridge, after which separate tracks side by side were provided for both companies to Boat.Шаблон:Sfn Prompt connections were available with the Great North at Craigellachie, but there was usually a long wait for connections with the Highland at Boat. The railway's was absorbed by the Great North of Scotland Railway on 1 August 1866,Шаблон:Sfn and the line's main source of income came from the local distilleries.Шаблон:Sfn

Morayshire Railway

Шаблон:Main A Шаблон:Convert double-track railway had been proposed from Lossiemouth to Craigellachie in 1841 and necessary permissions granted in 1846, the route having changed to take advantage of the proposed Great North of Scotland Railway between Elgin and Orton. The financial situation delayed construction, but work eventually started on the section from Lossiemouth to Elgin in 1851. The Шаблон:Convert line opened on 10 August 1852 with a special train from Elgin to festivities in Lossiemouth. Public services started the next day with five services a day, each taking 15 minutes with two request stops.Шаблон:Sfn First and second class accommodation was provided at Шаблон:Fractd and 1d a mile. However, it was the Inverness & Aberdeen Junction Railway (IAJR) who was to build the line from Elgin to Orton; permission to build a branch from this line to Rothes was granted to the Morayshire on 14 July 1856.Шаблон:Sfn The IAJR built its own station at Elgin, linked to the Morayshire's station by a junction to the east. The IAJR opened on 18 August 1858 and the Morayshire Railway started running services on 23 August.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Elgin railway station on 1923 OS map.png
The Elgin railway stations on the 1923 OS map. The horizontal west–east line is the Inverness & Aberdeen Junction Railway. The Morayshire Railway lines north to Lossiemouth and south to Rothes used a separate station. The other line the east was built later by the Great North.

Initially the Morayshire ran trains over the IAJR, but its lightweight locomotives struggled with the gradients and proved unreliable, and after six weeks carriages were attached and detached from IAJR trains at Elgin and Orton.Шаблон:Sfn Conflict arose over through ticketing, and the directors of the Morayshire responded with plans to build its own line between the two stations.Шаблон:Sfn The Great North sponsored the new line and offered to provide services after the lines had been physically connected. Permission was granted on 3 July 1860, goods were carried from 30 December 1861 and passengers from 1 January 1862, reducing the travel time from 55 to 45 minutes.Шаблон:Sfn The Morayshire station at Elgin was enlarged in anticipation of Great North services, albeit in wood.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1861 permission was granted to the Morayshire Railway to cross the Spey and join with the Strathspey Railway at Craigellachie. The Morayshire extension and the Strathspey both opened on 1 July 1863 and the Great North provided a service of four trains a day over the line, which gave an alternative route between Keith and Elgin.Шаблон:Sfn On 30 July 1866 permission was given to the Morayshire and Great North to amalgamate with agreement, and the loss-making services between Orton and Rothes were withdrawn without notice the following day.Шаблон:Efn It would be August 1881 before the Morayshire became fully part of the Great North.Шаблон:Sfn

Aberdeen joint station

Шаблон:See also The wooden station building at Waterloo was a Шаблон:Convert from the Aberdeen and Deeside's Guild Street stationШаблон:Sfn and passengers were conveyed between the termini by omnibus, paid for in the through fare and with forty five minutes being allowed for the transfer. The Great North refused to hold its trains to connect with those arriving at Guild StreetШаблон:Sfn and insisted that tickets were purchased at least five minutes before the train was due to depart.Шаблон:Sfn The mail train would be held until the Post Office van had arrived and the mail was on board, but the station locked at the advertised departure time to prevent connecting passengers further delaying the train.Шаблон:Sfn This inconvenienced passengers, as was pointed out to the general manager during a parliamentary committee meeting by a Member of Parliament who had missed a connection, although his family and luggage had been sent on.Шаблон:Sfn The Great North promoted onward traffic by seaШаблон:Sfn and approached the Aberdeen Steam Navigation Company to see if rates could be reduced for through trafficШаблон:Sfn and through ticketing by rail was not available until 1859, when the Great North joined the Railway Clearing House.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Aberdeen stations on 1869 OS map.png
The Aberdeen stations in 1869. The Great North of Scotland Railway Waterloo terminus is top right, and the Aberdeen Railway Guild Street terminus bottom left, beside the new through Aberdeen joint railway station.

A joint line through the Denburn Valley to link the Great North to the south had been planned, and the Great North had approached the railways using the Guild Street station in 1853 and 1857 but were unhappy with the assistance that had been offered.Шаблон:Sfn Permission was granted in 1861 to the Inverness & Perth Junction Railway to build a line from Шаблон:Rws, on the Inverness & Aberdeen Junction Railway, direct to Perth. The Great North protested, and won the right for a booking office in Inverness. The line opened in 1863 and in 1865 the Inverness & Perth Junction and Inverness & Aberdeen Junction merged to become the Highland Railway.Шаблон:Sfn The Aberdeen Railway, which had now been absorbed by the Scottish North Eastern Railway (SNER), approached the Great North, concerned that the new line had bypassed Aberdeen, but no agreement was reached.Шаблон:Sfn

The Limpet Mill Scheme was a line presented in an 1862 bill by the nominally independent Scottish Northern Junction Railway, but supported by the SNER. This proposed a Шаблон:Convert long railway between Limpet Mill, to the north of Шаблон:Rws on the SNER, to the Great North at Kintore. A junction with the Deeside Railway was also planned, over which the SNER unsuccessfully tried to obtain running rights. Unpopular, this was given permission by parliament, but the Great North succeeded in inserting a clause that this would be suspended if it obtained an Act by 1 September 1863.Шаблон:Sfn The Great North proposed a route, known locally as the Circumbendibus, that was longer but cheaper than the direct route through the Denburn Valley. Despite local opposition, the route was approved by parliament in 1863, but was revoked the following year when the SNER obtained permission for a railway through the Denburn Valley. The Great North contributed the £125,000 that its Circumbendibus line would have cost and the SNER contributed £70,000 out of the £90,000 it had been prepared to advance the Limpet Mill Scheme.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The SNER built the double-track railway, culverting the Denburn and digging two short tunnels.Шаблон:Sfn The joint station opened on 4 November 1867 and consisted of three through tracks, one with a long platform, together with two bay platforms for terminating trains at either end. Two lines to the west were provided for goods traffic,Шаблон:Sfn and the stations at Waterloo and Guild Street closed to passengers and became goods terminals. The line to the north of the station passed to the Great North and the Шаблон:Convert long Hutcheon Street tunnel became its longest.Шаблон:Sfn

Deeside Railway

Шаблон:Main A railway to serve Deeside was authorised on 16 July 1846, but it was decided to wait for the Aberdeen Railway to open first. The company survived after the railway mania as the Aberdeen Railway bought a large number of shares.Шаблон:Sfn Interest in the line was restored after Prince Albert purchased Balmoral Castle, to which the Royal Family made their first visit in 1848, and the Aberdeen Railway was able to sell its shares. Investors were still hard to find, but a Шаблон:Convert line as far as Banchory was ceremonially opened on 7 September 1853;Шаблон:Sfn public services began the following day with three trains a day that took about an hour. First class accommodation was available for Шаблон:Fractd a mile, reduced to 1d a mile for third class. Initially services were operated by the Aberdeen Railway to its terminus at Ferryhill,Шаблон:Sfn and the Deeside Railway used a horse to shunt wagons at Banchory.Шаблон:Sfn In 1854 the Deeside introduced its own rolling stock and ran through to the Aberdeen's Guild Street station which opened the same year.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Ballater Station, for Balmoral Castle - geograph.org.uk - 1747043.jpg
Ballater station, used by the Royal Family when they travelled to Balmoral, in 1966

A new company, the Aboyne Extension, was formed to reach Шаблон:Rws. Instead of building two bridges across the Dee, as had been proposed in 1846, the railway instead took a cheaper but Шаблон:Convert longer route through Lumphanan, and services were extended over the new line on 2 December 1859.Шаблон:Sfn The Aboyne & Braemar Railway was formed to build a line from Aboyne the Шаблон:Convert to Braemar. The line was to follow the Dee before crossing it Шаблон:Convert from Braemar, but the plans were modified to terminate the line at Bridge of Gairn with the passenger terminus Шаблон:Convert short at Шаблон:Rws. This Шаблон:Convert route opened to Ballater on 17 October 1866, and the line to Bridge of Gairn remained unfinished.Шаблон:Sfn By 1855 there five services a day over the Шаблон:Convert long line, taking between 1 hour 50 minutes and Шаблон:Fract hours.Шаблон:Sfn

The Royal Family used the line from 1853 to travel to Balmoral Castle; in September 1866 the British Royal Train used Ballater station nearly a month before public services reached the station.Шаблон:Sfn At first Queen Victoria visited once a year, this becoming twice a year after Albert died in 1861. The number of visits returned to one a year after Edward VII became king in 1901.Шаблон:Sfn From 8 October 1865 a daily 'Messenger Train' ran when the Royal Family was at Balmoral.Шаблон:Sfn First class accommodation was available on these trains; accompanying servants were charged third class fares.Шаблон:Sfn In the late 1850s and early 1860s the Great North and the Scottish North Eastern Railway (SNER) were in conflict over the joint station in Aberdeen. Frustrated with lack of progress, the SNER proposed a new line that crossed the Deeside Railway. Whilst in discussions with the SNER about a link from this new line to the Deeside, a lease for the Deeside Railway was offered to the Great North, which was rapidly accepted. The Deeside board accepted the lease by a majority vote on 13 May 1862, and it was approved by Parliament on 30 July 1866. The Aboyne & Braemar remained independent, although services were operated by the Great North.Шаблон:Sfn

Amalgamation

Шаблон:Wide image After opening to Keith in 1854 the Great North of Scotland Railway operated over Шаблон:Convert of line. Ten years later this had almost quadrupledШаблон:Sfn but more than three-quarters was over leased or subsidiary railways. Eventual amalgamation with many of these railways had been prompted from the start. The necessary authority was sought and on 30 July 1866 the Great North of Scotland Railway (Amalgamation) Act[3] received Royal Assent, this Act also permitting the Great North to lease the Deeside Railway. The other companies merged two days later, except the Banffshire and Morayshire, which had started as separate undertakings and were not included in the 1866 Act, although permission for the Banffshire to merge was gained the following year. After the extension of the Deeside opened in 1866 and the merger of the Banffshire the following year the Great North of Scotland Railway owned Шаблон:Convert of line and operated over a further Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Austerity, 1866–1879

In 1855, the first full year after opening, the Great North of Scotland declared a dividend of Шаблон:Fract per cent, which rose to Шаблон:Fract the following year and 5 per cent in 1859.Шаблон:Sfn The dividend reached a maximum of Шаблон:Fract per cent in 1862 before dropping to 7 per cent the following year and 5 per cent in 1864,Шаблон:Sfn but in 1865 the directors could not pay any dividend on ordinary shares.Шаблон:Sfn At the directors' suggestion a committee was set up to look into their actions; the report's main recommendation was the abandonment of the Port Gordon extension.Шаблон:Sfn The opening of direct route over the Highland Railway to the south had lost the through mail business, resulting in the withdrawal of Sunday services,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn and had lost revenue equivalent to a five per cent dividend. Joining the Clearing House system had resulted in the loss of twenty-five per cent of goods traffic income and the conflict over the joint station in Aberdeen had been expensive and resulted in an overpriced lease on the Deeside.Шаблон:Sfn The collapse of Overend, Gurney and Company Bank in 1866 meant that for three months the bank rate rose to 10 per cent, making the company's financial situation worse.Шаблон:Sfn[4]

The whole board resigned and six members did not seek re-appointment. At the beginning of 1867 the company owed £800,000 (Шаблон:Inflation)Шаблон:Inflation-fn and the new board imposed austerity measures. It would be 1874 before most of the company's debt was settled and it became possible to pay a dividend again. The only line built in the early 70s was the Шаблон:Convert to Macduff and few carriages and no locomotives were built until 1876.Шаблон:Sfn The Deeside Railway merged in 1875, the Aboyne & Braemar extension to Ballater in January 1876,Шаблон:Sfn and the Morayshire Railway was absorbed in 1880.Шаблон:Sfn After an engine boiler exploded at Nethy Bridge in September 1878, the inquiry found the testing of boilers infrequent and inadequate. It was sixteen months before the locomotive was repaired.Шаблон:Sfn

Renaissance, 1879–1899

Файл:William Ferguson of Kinmundy.jpg
William Ferguson, Chairman of the Great North of Scotland Railway 1878–1904

Renewal and extension

In 1879 the chairman, Lord Provost Leslie, died and was replaced by William Ferguson of Kinmundy.Шаблон:Efn The following year both the Secretary and General Manager resigned and William Moffatt was appointed to both posts, and A.G. Reid became Superintendent of the Line. The railway was now paying a dividend and seeing increased traffic, but rolling stock, track, signals and stations all needed replacing in a project that was to cost £250,000 (Шаблон:Inflation).Шаблон:Inflation-fn By June 1880 the main line was doubled as far as Kintore, and over the next five years Шаблон:Convert of iron rail track, much of it without fishplates, was replaced with steel rails and the main line doubled between Dyce and Inveramsay.Шаблон:Sfn[5] The railway had acquired a reputation for running slow trains on a perverse timetable and ill-treating its passengers, and now resolved to address this.Шаблон:Sfn By the mid-1880s services were faster, there was upholstery in third class and the branches saw an accelerated service as a result of running fewer mixed trains.Шаблон:Sfn

On 27 November 1882 Inverythan Bridge on the Macduff Branch near Шаблон:Rws collapsed as a locomotive hauling five goods wagons, a brake van and four carriages crossed. The locomotive and tender crossed the bridge, but the wagons and carriages fell Шаблон:Convert to the road below, killing five people who had been travelling in the first and second carriages and injuring fifteen others.[6] The Board of Trade report found that the collapse was due to an internal fault in a cast-iron beam that had been fitted when the bridge had been built in 1857.Шаблон:Sfn

A bill was introduced to parliament in 1881 to extend the line from Portsoy along the Moray Firth to Buckie, to be opposed by the Highland and rejected.Шаблон:Sfn The following year both the Great North and Highland railways applied to parliament, the Great North for a Шаблон:Convert line from Portsoy along the coast through Buckie to Elgin, and the Highland for a branch from Keith to Buckie and Cullen. Authority was granted, but in the case of the Highland Railway only for a line as far as Portessie, with running rights over the Great North coast line between Buckie and Portsoy and the Great North obtaining reciprocal rights over the Highland railway between Elgin and Forres. The coast line opened in stages, the outer sections from Portsoy to Tochieneal and Elgin to Garmouth opening in 1884.Шаблон:Sfn The centre section, which involved heavy engineering, with a long viaduct with a central span of Шаблон:Convert over the Spey at Garmouth and embankments and viaducts at Cullen, opened in May 1886. The line was served by four trains a day and a fast through train from Aberdeen that reached Elgin in Шаблон:Fract hours.Шаблон:Sfn The Highland Portessie branch had opened in 1884 and the Highland did not exercise its running rights over the Coast Line, thus preventing the Great North running over its lines west of Elgin.Шаблон:Sfn

The Great North had opened using a system of telegraphic train orders, and as the signalling was being upgraded this was being replaced with electric tablet working over the single line sections.Шаблон:Sfn Now express trains had to slow to exchange tokens in a process that frequently left railwaymen injured, so James Manson, the locomotive superintendent, designed an automatic token exchange system based on apparatus used to move cotton in a factory. At first tokens were exchanged at Шаблон:Convert, but soon they were exchanged at line speed.Шаблон:Sfn After trialling on the Fraserburgh line, the system was installed on the coast route in May 1889, and by 1 January 1893 it was in operation on all single-line sections.Шаблон:Sfn

Aberdeen to Inverness

The Great North and Highland had agreed in 1865 that Keith would be the exchange point for traffic between the two railways, but in 1886 the Great North had two lines to Elgin that, although longer than the Highland's direct line, served more populous areas.Шаблон:Sfn The coastal route between Keith and Elgin was Шаблон:Convert long but had easier gradients than the Шаблон:Convert via Craigellachie.Шаблон:Sfn The Highland's main line south from Inverness was via Forres, the Great North believing that their competitors treated the line to Elgin as a branch. In 1883 a shorter route south from Inverness was promoted by an independent company, the bill defeated in parliament only after the Highland had promised to request authority for a shorter line. The following year, as well as the Highland's more direct line from Aviemore, the Great North proposed a branch from its Speyside Section to Inverness. The Highland Railway route was chosen, but the Great North won a concession that goods and passengers that could be exchanged at any junction with through bookings and with services conveniently arranged.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Speymouth Railway Viaduct.jpg
The Coastal route opened in 1886, crossing the Spey by viaduct near Garmouth.

In 1885 the Great North re-timed the 10:10 am Aberdeen service to reach Keith at 11:50 am with through carriages that reached Elgin via Craigellachie at 1 pm.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn This connected with a Highland service at both Keith and Elgin, until the Highland re-timed the train and broke the connection at Elgin.Шаблон:Sfn The Great North applied to the Board of Trade for an order for two connections a day at Elgin. This was refused, but in 1886 the Great North and Highland railways came to an agreement to pool receipts from the stations between Grange and Elgin and refer any disputes to an arbiter.Шаблон:Sfn The midday Highland train was re-timed to connect with the Great North at Keith and Elgin, and a service connected at Elgin with an Aberdeen train that had divided en route to travel via the coast and Craigellachie.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1893 the Highland cancelled the traffic agreement and withdrew two connecting trains, complaining that they were unprofitable. One of the trains was reinstated after an appeal was made to the Railway & Canal Commissioners and a frustrated Great North applied to parliament in 1895 for running powers to Inverness, but withdrew after it was agreed that the Railway & Canal Commissioners would arbitrate in the matter.Шаблон:Sfn With no judgement by 1897, the Great North prepared to apply again for running powers over the Highland to Inverness, this time agreeing to double track the line, but the commissioners published their finding before the bill was submitted to parliament. Traffic was to be exchanged at both Elgin and Keith, the services exchanged at Elgin needed to include through carriages from both the Craigellachie and the coast routes, and the timetable had to be approved by the commissioners. The resulting Commissioners' Service started in 1897 with eight through services, four via the Highland to Keith taking between Шаблон:Fract and 5 hours, and four with carriages exchanged at Elgin with portions that travelled via Craigellachie and the coast, two of these taking Шаблон:Fract hours.Шаблон:Efn The 3 pm from Inverness to Aberdeen via Keith took 3 hours 5 minutes. Initially portions for the coast and Craigellachie divided at Huntly, but Cairnie Platform was opened at Grange Junction in summer 1898.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The main line was double track to Huntly in 1896 and Keith in 1898, except for a single-track bridge over the Deveron between Avochie and Rothiemay, which was replaced by a double-track bridge in 1900.Шаблон:Sfn

Subbies and hotels

In 1880 an express was introduced on the Deeside Line, taking 90 minutes to travel from Aberdeen to Ballater; by 1886 this had reduced to 75 minutes.Шаблон:Sfn In 1887 the service between Aberdeen and Dyce had improved with more local trains and new stations; by the end of that year there were twelve trains a day, eventually becoming twenty trains a day calling at nine stops in twenty minutes. The trains were initially called the Jubilees, as it was Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee, but became known as the Subbies. Suburban services were also introduced between Aberdeen and Culter on the Deeside Line in 1894, after the track had been doubled, starting with ten down and nine up trains calling at seven stops in twenty-two minutes. The number of trains was eventually doubled and an additional station provided.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1891 the company offices were moved from Waterloo to a new building in Guild Street with direct access to the station. The same year the Great North took over the Palace Hotel (closed after a fire in 1941),[7] near the joint railway station in Aberdeen and modernised it, installing electric lighting and building a covered way between the hotel and station. Encouraged by its success, the company obtained permission in 1893 to build an hotel and golf course at Cruden Bay, about Шаблон:Convert north of Aberdeen. The hotel was linked to the Great North by the Boddam Branch, a new Шаблон:Convert single-track branch from Ellon, on the Buchan section, which served Cruden Bay and fishing town at Boddam.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The line opened in 1897 with services from Ellon taking about forty minutes. The hotel opened in 1899, connected to the railway station by the Cruden Bay Hotel Tramway. This was nearly Шаблон:Convert long, with a gauge of Шаблон:Track gauge and operated by electric tramcars that took power from an overhead line. Seasonal through services to Aberdeen began in 1899 with an up service in the morning; for some years an afternoon up service returned in the evening.Шаблон:Sfn Excursions for tourists had operated on the Deeside Line from 1881, later joined by special services on the Strathspey Line and the Coast Line alongside the Moray Firth, promoted as the Scottish Riviera.Шаблон:Sfn

Maturity, 1900–1914

There was interest at the end of the 19th century in using the new Light Railways Act 1896 to approve lines to serve rural areas. The Шаблон:Convert long Aberdeenshire Light Railway was independently promoted in 1896 to serve Skene and Echt, with tracks laid along the public roads in Aberdeen. The Great North proposed an alternative Echt Light Railway and a line to Newburgh that would both use the Aberdeen tramway tracks in the city. In 1897 a line from Echt to Aberdeen was approved, but only as far the city outskirts after opposition to laying tracks in the public roads or using the tramways for goods traffic. The plans were changed to connect the line with the Great North at Kittybrewster, but the scheme abandoned after the costs had started to rise.Шаблон:Sfn

The Great North was granted a Light Railway Order on 8 September 1899 for a Шаблон:Convert light railway from Fraserburgh to St Combs. The Order included a clause, unusual for the time, permitting the use of electric traction; but the company opted for steam traction, and the locomotives were fitted with cowcatchers as the line was unfenced. Services started on 1 July 1903, with six trains a day that took 17 minutes to complete the journey.Шаблон:Sfn A light railway was proposed to cover the Шаблон:Convert from Fraserburgh to Rosehearty, but the scheme was abandoned after opposition to laying tracks on the public road.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Elgin railway station 02, August 2013.JPG
The Great North's Elgin station, rebuilt in 1902, still stands today and is a Category B listed building[8]

Finding its locomotive works at Kittybrewster cramped and inadequate, the Great North began construction on a new works at Inverurie in 1898, electric lighting being provided in the buildings. The carriage and wagon department moved in 1901, the locomotive department in 1902, the offices the following year and the permanent way department in 1905;Шаблон:Sfn the buildings still stand and are listed Category B.[9]Шаблон:Efn Inverurie station was rebuilt nearer the works in 1902,Шаблон:Sfn and is similarly a Category B building.[10] The Great North built houses nearby for its staff, lit by electricity generated at the works, and the Inverurie Loco Works Football Club was formed by staff in 1902.[11]

The Great North rebuilt Elgin station in 1902 to replace a temporary wooden building dating from the 1860s, a joint structure with the adjacent station having been declined by the Highland Railway.Шаблон:Sfn Following negotiations, amalgamation of the Highland and the Great North of Scotland Railways was accepted by the Great North shareholders in early 1906, but the Highland board withdrew after opposition from a minority of its shareholders. The Aberdeen and Inverness trains were jointly worked after 1908 and locomotives were no longer exchanged at Keith or Elgin; between 1914 and 1916 the Highland paid the Great North to provide locomotives for all of the services through to Inverness.Шаблон:Sfn

In spring 1904 the Great North began a motor omnibus service to Braemar, connecting with trains at Ballater. These early buses had solid tyres and a legal speed limit of Шаблон:Convert, but were faster than the horse-drawn coaches they replaced.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn By 1907 buses connected with Great North train services and conveyed passengers to Strathdon, Midmar, Echt, Cluny Castle and Aberchirder, between Cock Bridge and Tomintoul a horse-drawn coach was used as the motor buses could not ascend the steep road. Services from Aberdeen connected with trains at Шаблон:Rws, where a refreshment room was built.Шаблон:Sfn In 1914 the railway had 35 passenger road vehicles that, together with 15 five-ton lorries, worked Шаблон:Convert daily.Шаблон:Sfn

Aberdeen joint station was congested, resulting in delayed trains, and the low, open platforms were frequently covered in oily slime due to the large quantities of fish that passed through. Agreement with the Caledonian RailwayШаблон:Efn over rebuilding the station had been reached in 1899, but the companies fell out over widening the line to the south. Moving the goods station to the east was similarly complex, with conflicts with the harbour commissioners and the town council.Шаблон:Sfn In 1908 new platforms on the western side opened and the adjoining station hotel was bought in 1910. Foundations for the new building were laid in 1913 and the station was largely complete by July 1914, although outbreak of war delayed further progress and the station was finally completed in 1920.Шаблон:Sfn

War and grouping, 1914–1922

With Britain's declaration of war on the German Empire on 4 August 1914,[12] the government took control of the railways under the Regulation of the Forces Act 1871. Day-to-day operations were left in the control of local management, but movements necessary for the war were coordinated by a committee of general managers.Шаблон:Sfn The Great North of Scotland's main role was providing a relief route when the Highland Railway route south to Perth was congested, on one Sunday conveying twenty-one troop specials from Keith to Aberdeen.Шаблон:Sfn Timber from the forests of the north of Scotland were carried from sidings at Kemnay, Knockando and Nethy Bridge. A total of 609 staff left to serve in the war, and a memorial to the 93 who died in action was erected at the offices in Aberdeen. Services were maintained until 1916, when staff shortages reduced services, although no lines were closed.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:GNSR WW1 commemorative plaque.jpg
GNSR War Memorial, Aberdeen Railway Station

The railways were in a poor state after the war, costs having increased, with higher wages, the introduction of an eight-hour day and increased price of coal. A scheme was devised whereby the railways would be grouped into four large companies; this was approved by parliament as the Railways Act 1921. At the start of the 20th century the company's shares had been restructured; the final dividends were 3 per cent on preferred stock, unaltered from previously, and Шаблон:Fract per cent on ordinary stock, slightly above average. Before grouping the Great North of Scotland Railway operated Шаблон:Convert of track.Шаблон:Sfn

London and North Eastern Railway

On 1 January 1923 the Great North of Scotland became an isolated part of the Scottish division of the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER), the Caledonian to the south and Highland to the west both becoming part of a different group, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway.Шаблон:Sfn That summer a sleeping carriage operated between Lossiemouth and Шаблон:Rws, and a through carriage ran from Шаблон:Rws to Cruden Bay on Fridays. Sunday services were re-introduced; from 1928 Aberdeen suburban services ran hourly during the afternoon and evenings.Шаблон:Sfn Afterwards the economic situation deteriorated and the railway companies advised the trade unions in 1928 that wages would need to be cut; this was implemented in August 1930 after the Wall Street Crash the previous year. Economy measures were introduced and unprofitable passenger services withdrawn, the Oldmeldrum branch closing on 2 November 1931 and the branch to Cruden Bay and Boddam on 31 October 1932. Road transport was arranged for guests at the Cruden Bay hotel, from Ellon for the first summer season, and then from Aberdeen.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:LNER Gresley "TO" Vestibuled Open Third No.52255 (6901367357).jpg
LNER Gresley bogie carriages were in use on former Great North services by 1937

Carriages were transferred in to replace the older four-wheelers, former North Eastern Railway vehicles in 1924–25 and fifty former Great Eastern Railway six-wheelers between 1926 and 1929 for the Aberdeen suburban services. By 1936 more up to date Gresley bogie carriagesШаблон:Efn were used on the primary trains.Шаблон:Sfn Optimism returned and traffic increased after 1933, and a luxury rail land cruise, the "Northern Belle", ran over former Great North lines. However, the Aberdeen subbies had been losing money for some time as a result of competition from the local buses, and from 5 April 1937 the local services between Aberdeen, Dyce and Culter were withdrawn and most of the intermediate stations closed.Шаблон:Sfn

The railways were again placed under government control on 1 September 1939, and Britain was at war two days later. The Cruden Bay Hotel was used as an army hospital and the tramway ceased operating in 1941. Handed back to the railway in 1945, it never reopened. The Palace Hotel burnt down in 1941. The Station Hotel was used as an admiralty administrative centre, and reopened in 1950 after refurbishment.Шаблон:Sfn

British Railways

Britain's railways were nationalised on 1 January 1948 and the former Great North of Scotland Railway lines were placed under the control of the Scottish Region of British Railways.Шаблон:Sfn To reduce costs the Alford branch was closed to passengers on 2 January 1950, followed by the Macduff Branch on 1 October 1951.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:The BR (Swindon) Cross Country dmu Sc51788, Sc51790, Sc59679, Sc51783 (8391978719).jpg
Cross Country DMU at Inverness in 1968

The 1955 Modernisation Plan, known formally as the "Modernisation and Re-Equipment of the British Railways", was published in December 1954, and with the aim of increasing speed and reliability the steam trains were replaced with electric and diesel traction.[13] In 1958 a battery-electric railcar was introduced on the Deeside Line and a diesel railbus on the Speyside Section. Diesel Multiple Units (DMU) took over services to Peterhead and Fraserburgh in 1959 and from 1960 cross-country types were used on an accelerated Aberdeen to Inverness service that allowed Шаблон:Fract hours for four stops. By 1961 the only service still using steam locomotives was the branch from Tillynaught to Banff.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1963 Dr Beeching published his report "The Reshaping of British Railways", which recommended closing the network's least used stations and lines.[14] Only the Aberdeen to Keith main line survived, albeit without its stopping services and the remaining former Great North lines closed to passengers. The Lossiemouth and Banff branch closed in 1964 and the following year the St Combs branch, line from Dyce to Peterhead and Fraserburgh and the Speyside section closed and local services to Inverurie were withdrawn. Attempts to save the Deeside section to Banchory failed and it closed in 1966. On 6 May 1968 services were withdrawn on the Coast Line, the former Great North line via Craigellachie and the local services between Aberdeen and Elgin. The Beeching Report had recommended Inverurie and Insch stations for closure, but these were saved by the subsequent inquiry.Шаблон:Sfn

The goods service at individual stations was also withdrawn after Beeching's report. A freightliner depot opened at Aberdeen in 1966, allowing the Peterhead line to close completely on 7 September 1970. In 1969–70 the line between Aberdeen and Keith was singled, with passing loops, the line to Fraserburgh closing completely in 1979 and that from Keith to Dufftown in 1985.Шаблон:Sfn In the 1969 timetable there were early morning trains between Aberdeen and Inverurie, and five services a day between Aberdeen to Inverness, supplemented by two Aberdeen to Elgin services that by the late 1970s were running through to Inverness.Шаблон:Sfn The cross-country DMUs were replaced in 1980 by diesel locomotives hauling Mark I compartment coaches, later Mark II open saloons. These were similarly replaced in the late 1980s and early 1990s by newer DMUs, first the Class 156 Super Sprinter and then Class 158 Express and Class 170 units.Шаблон:Sfn[15]

Legacy

Файл:Deesideline-10014-Lizzie.jpg
Deeside way at Garthdee

The Aberdeen to Inverness Line currently uses the former Great North of Scotland Railway line as far Keith with stations at Dyce, Inverurie, Insch, Huntly and Keith. Eleven trains a day run between Aberdeen and Inverness, taking about Шаблон:Fract hours, supplemented between Aberdeen and Inverurie by approximately the same number of local trains.[16] In a project scheduled for completion in 2030, the line is to be improved to allow a regular hourly Aberdeen to Inverness service, additional commuter trains into Inverness and Aberdeen and new stations at Kintore and Dalcross, near Inverness airport.[17][18]

Heritage and tourist railways also use the former Great North of Scotland Railway alignment. The Keith and Dufftown Railway runs seasonal services over the Шаблон:Convert between Keith Town and Dufftown using Class 108 diesel multiple units.[19] The Strathspey Railway operates seasonal services over the former Highland Railway route from Шаблон:Rws to Grantown-on-Spey via the joint Highland and Great North Boat of Garten station.[20] The Royal Deeside Railway operates over Шаблон:Convert of former Deeside Railway at Milton of Crathes near Banchory during summer weekends and in December,[21] and based at Alford railway station is the Alford Valley Railway, which seasonally operates a Шаблон:Convert narrow gauge railway.[22][23]

Former alignments have been opened as long distance rail trails for pedestrians, cyclists and horses. The Шаблон:Convert Formartine and Buchan Way runs from Dyce to Maud before dividing to follow the two branches to Peterhead and Fraserburgh.[24] The Deeside Way is open between Aberdeen and Kincardine O'Neil and Aboyne and Ballater.[25]

Nestrans (The North East of Scotland Transport Partnership), the organization responsible for local transport strategy, consider that building new railways along these routes would not be beneficial at the moment but the alignments are protected from development.[18] The Speyside Way, one of Scotland's Long Distance Routes, mostly follows the route of the Speyside section between Craigellachie and Ballindalloch and Grantown and Nethy Bridge.[26][27]

Rolling stock

Locomotives

Шаблон:Main

Early locomotives

Файл:GNoSR No 47 as built.png
One of the locomotives built in 1866

The first locomotives were 2-4-0 tender engines, built by Wm Fairbairn in Manchester to the design of the locomotive superintendent Daniel Kinnear Clark. Twelve were ordered for the opening of the first line, seven passenger and five goods.Шаблон:Sfn They were all fitted with Clark's patent smoke preventing system that improved fuel economyШаблон:Sfn and painted green with black borders, and red buffer beams.Шаблон:Sfn There was no protection for the driver or fireman and braking was by wooden blocks on the four wheels of the tender.Шаблон:Sfn The railway opened with only five locomotives, and within days one had been seriously damaged in the collision at Шаблон:Rws and a second had a mechanical fault. Two more locomotives had arrived by the end of 1854, and the order was complete by summer 1855. Four more passenger locomotives were ordered in 1857,Шаблон:Sfn weatherboards and sanding equipment had been fitted by 1860, and cabs added in the 1880s.Шаблон:Sfn John Folds Ruthven replaced Clark in 1855 and an order was placed with Beyer, Peacock & Co. for two 0-4-0 tank enginesШаблон:Efn to bank trains on the line to Waterloo near Aberdeen harbour.Шаблон:Sfn After William Cowan became locomotive superintendent nine more locomotives arrived in 1859–61.Шаблон:Sfn These were followed by nine 4-4-0s, also built by R. Stephenson & Co., and delivered between 1862 and 1864.Шаблон:Sfn Six more powerful 4-4-0 locomotives arrived from Neilsons in 1866, and were fitted with a more modern bogie. Three passed to the London and North Eastern Railway after the 1923 Grouping, and No. 45 hauled a train at the Railway Centenary celebrations in 1925 before being scrapped.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1863 the Great North took over the operation of the Banffshire and Morayshire Railways and absorbed their locomotives. The Banffshire had four locomotives, two 0-4-2 tanks, named "Banff" and "Portsoy", built by Hawthorns of Leith for the line's opening in 1859. The other two locomotives were 0-4-2 tender engines, one bought secondhand from the Scottish Central Railway, having been built in 1848 by the Vulcan Foundry in Warrington and named "Keith", and a similar tender engine built by Hawthorns.Шаблон:Sfn The Morayshire Railway had started services in 1852 with two 2-2-0 engines designed by James Samuel and built by Neilsons. The locomotives had proved inadequate and were replaced by two larger 2-4-0 tank engines.Шаблон:Sfn The Great North took over the operation of the Deeside Railway in 1866. Its first two locomotives were 0-4-2 tank engines, built by Hawthorns and arrived in 1854. No. 3, a tender locomotive, was delivered in 1854 from Dodds & Son of Rotherham, but this had mechanical defects and was never satisfactory. Between 1857 and 1866 four 0-4-2 tender locomotives arrived from Hawthorns; these were similar to the Banffshire's Nos. 3 and 4; the Deeside also bought the Banffshire's No. 4 in 1864. One of these locomotives was given a large six-wheeled tender to allow it to haul the Royal Trains from Aberdeen to Шаблон:Rws without stopping. The tender locomotives were found to be unstable at high speeds were all withdrawn by 1880.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:4-4-0 Great North of Scotland Railway No17.jpg
Class O No. 17

The company's financial difficulties after 1866 had precluded the purchasing of any more locomotives until six 4-4-0 locomotives were built in 1876 by Neilson's, partly to replace the Deeside locomotives. These had larger boilers and fireboxes than previous locomotives and were the first to be built with cabs.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The next twelve locomotives had rounded splashers over the trailing driving wheels, meaning the shape of the cab was different, but retained the brass dome on the firebox, copper capped chimney and had brass bands joining the firebox and boiler.Шаблон:Sfn After James Manson became locomotive superintendent in 1883 he introduced a more contemporary design of locomotive, with inside cylinders and doors on the side of cabs and without brass domes or copper chimneys.Шаблон:Sfn The first six were built by Kitson & Co in Leeds in 1884, followed by three similar but lighter in 1885.Шаблон:Sfn The railway had inherited most of its tank engines from the Deeside, Morayshire and Banffshire Railways and these needed replacing, so six arrived in 1884 and three slightly larger the following year. The first tank engines in the country to be fitted with doors on the cabs,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn these worked on the suburban services and one was fitted with a cowcatcher to work the St Combs Light Railway at Fraserburgh.Шаблон:Sfn In 1887 two locomotives were built at Kittybrewster works. Although there was only space for four locomotives in the cramped repair shops the board expected to save £300 to £400 by building the locomotives themselves.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Nine express locomotives with six-wheeled tenders were built by Kitsons in 1888 and these were followed by six more with eight-wheeled tenders built by Stephenson & Co,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn one of which was successfully trialled in 1914 with a superheater. Most of Manson's later locomotives were subsequently fitted with superheaters, the eight-wheeled tenders being replaced in most cases with six-wheeled tenders during the rebuild.Шаблон:Sfn

Class S and later

Шаблон:See also In 1890 Manson was replaced as locomotive superintendent by James Johnson, the son of Samuel W. Johnson, then locomotive superintendent at the Midland Railway. In 1893 Neilsons delivered six new 4-4-0 tender locomotives that were more powerful any previous Great North locomotive and the first not to have Clark's smoke prevention apparatus. Classified as Class S and known for rapid acceleration and sustained high speed, these were the blueprint for the later Great North tender locomotives.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Manson had left a design for a 0-4-4 tank locomotive and Johnson changed the firebox, boiler and value gear so they were the same as the Class S tender locomotives before ordering nine to work the Deeside Line. These arrived in 1893 and most were transferred to the Aberdeen suburban services in 1900.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Файл:Elgin with ex-GNofS 4-4-0 geograph-2851825-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg
LNER 2251, built by the Great North as Class T No. 107, is seen here shunting at Elgin in 1948.

William Pickersgill replaced Johnson in 1894, and between 1895 and 1898 twenty-six new locomotives were purchased from Neilsons. Similar to Johnson's Class S, they were recorded at speeds of Шаблон:Convert and running the Шаблон:Convert from Шаблон:Rws to Шаблон:Rws in 23 minutes 46 seconds.Шаблон:Sfn A further order for ten was placed in 1899, but train mileage had been reduced and five were sold to the South Eastern & Chatham Railway.Шаблон:Sfn Pickersgill saw the works move from Kittybrewster to InverurieШаблон:Sfn before Thomas Heywood took over in 1914, three months before the outbreak of war. The railway took over the working of the Aberdeen harbour railway and in 1915 purchased four 0-4-2 tank locomotives from Manning Wardle. After the war, six more locomotives were built in 1920 by the North British Locomotive Company,Шаблон:Efn and two locomotives the following year at Inverurie. Similar to the 1899 locomotives but with Robinson superheaters, these were given names. Heywood changed the livery during the war, and the traditional green being replaced by black lined with yellow and red.Шаблон:Sfn

On 1 January 1923 the Great North of Scotland became a part of the Scottish division of the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER),Шаблон:Sfn who received a total of 122 locomotives, 100 4-4-0 tender locomotives and 22 tank engines, all capable of being used on either passenger or goods trains.Шаблон:Sfn Forty-four locomotives were still in service when the railway was nationalised in 1948, and the last two Great North locomotives to be withdrawn were two of the Aberdeen harbour tanks in 1960.Шаблон:Sfn No. 49, Gordon Highlander was restored to Great North green in 1958, although it had not previously carried the green livery as it appeared in Heywood's lined black. It was used on special trains before becoming a static exhibit at the Glasgow Transport Museum in 1965,Шаблон:Sfn and is currently on loan to the Scottish Railway Museum at Bo'ness.[28]

Carriages

Файл:GNoSR No. 45 at Darlington in 1925.jpg
A train of old Great North carriages at the Railway Centenary at Darlington in 1925

The first carriages were Шаблон:Convert four-wheelers, Шаблон:Convert long. Painted a dark brown with yellow lining and lettering, they had Newall's chain brake and a seat for the guard on the roof. Two classes of accommodation were provided: the first class carriages were divided into three compartments each with six upholstered seats and lit by two oil lamps hung between the partitions. Third class passengers were seated on wooden benches in a carriage seating 40 passengers sharing one oil lamp. The Great North never owned any second class carriages. Built by Brown, Marshall & Co, only half the number of carriages ordered had arrived for the start of public services in 1854.Шаблон:Sfn Later the guard's seat was removed and longer vehicles with six wheels were built.Шаблон:Sfn Accommodation for third class passengers was improved in the 1880s and the seats were upholstered.Шаблон:Sfn

The Westinghouse air brake was trialled on carriages in the 1880s and this became standard in 1891. As the Highland Railway used vacuum brakes, carriages used on the Aberdeen to Inverness were dual-fitted.Шаблон:Sfn The livery changed in the late 1890s, when the upper half was painted cream and the lower purple lake, with gold lining and lettering. Corridor carriages, Шаблон:Convert long on six wheels, lit with electric lamps using Stone's system and with both classes having access to a lavatory appeared in 1896.Шаблон:Sfn Bogie corridor carriages, Шаблон:Convert long and weighing Шаблон:Convert were built for the Aberdeen to Inverness express in 1898 with provision for vestibule connections.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Great North also had Royal Saloon carriage that, unusually for the Great North, was built with a clerestory roof.Шаблон:Efn This was Шаблон:Convert long, lit by electric lamps and with steam heating, and divided into a first class compartment and an attendant's coupe, which was fitted with a cooking stove.Шаблон:Sfn Later, shorter six-wheeled and bogie compartment carriages were built for secondary services, and communication cords and steam heating were fitted in the early years of the twentieth century.Шаблон:Sfn No. 34, a 6-wheel carriage built in the 1890s is preserved at the Embsay & Bolton Abbey Steam Railway as part of the Stately Trains collection.[29]

In 1905 the Great North introduced two articulated steam railcars. The locomotive unit was mounted on four Шаблон:Convert wheels, one pair driven and with the Cochran patent boiler that was common on stationary engines, but an unusual design for a locomotive. The saloon carriage accommodated 46 third class passengers on reversible lath-and-space seats and a position for the driver with controls using cables over the carriage roof. The cars were introduced on the Lossiemouth branch and the St Combs Light Railway, but when in motion there was considerable vibration that was uncomfortable for the passengers and caused problems for the steam engine. Before they were withdrawn in 1909–10, one was tried on Deeside suburban services, but had insufficient accommodation and was unable to maintain the schedule.Шаблон:Sfn

Constituent railways

The Great North of Scotland Railway absorbed the following railways in 1866:

These companies operated by the Great North in 1866 were merged later:

  • Banffshire Railway had been Banff, Portsoy and Strathisla Railway when it opened in 1859, the Great North taking over the operation of services from 1863 and the company renamed. Amalgamation was authorised in an 1867 Act.Шаблон:Sfn
  • Deeside Railway leased from 1 September 1866, merged 1 August 1875.Шаблон:Sfn
  • Aboyne & Braemar Railway was the extension of the Deeside to Ballater, and was operated by the Great North from its opening on 17 October 1866. Merged 31 January 1876.Шаблон:Sfn
  • Morayshire Railway was opened in 1852,Шаблон:Sfn worked by the Great North from 1863 when the extension to Craigellachie opened. The 1866 Act provided for the merging of the two companies when terms where agreed, and the companies were merged in 1880.Шаблон:Sfn

Notes and references

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Books

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Great North of Scotland Railway Navbox Шаблон:Navboxes

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ history of Aberdeen hotels
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Historic Environment Scotland
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Historic Environment Scotland
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news Republished online Шаблон:Webarchive by the Inverurie Loco Works FC. Archived from the original on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
    Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:NRtimes
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
    Шаблон:Cite web
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