Английская Википедия:Greeks in Albania

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox ethnic group

The Greeks in Albania are ethnic Greeks who live in or originate from areas within modern Albania. After ethnic Albanians, they form the second largest ethnic group in the country. They are mostly concentrated in the south of the country, in the areas of the northern part of the historical region of Epirus, in parts of Vlorë County,[1] Gjirokastër, Korçë[2], and Berat County.[3] The area is also known as Northern Epirus. Consequently, the Greeks hailing specifically from Southern Albania are also known as Northern Epirotes (Шаблон:Lang-el Vorioipirotes, Шаблон:Lang-sq). The Greeks who live in the "minority zones" of Albania are officially recognised by the Albanian government as the Greek National Minority of Albania (Шаблон:Lang-el, Elliniki Mionotita stin Alvania; Шаблон:Lang-sq).[4][5]

In 1913, after the end of five centuries of Ottoman rule, the area was included under the sovereignty of the newly founded Albanian state. The following year, Greeks revolted and declared their independence, and with the following Protocol of Corfu the area was recognised as an autonomous region under nominal Albanian sovereignty. However, this was never implemented.

In modern times, the Greek population has suffered from the prohibition of the Greek language if spoken outside the recognised so-called "minority zones" (which have remained after the communist era) and even limitations on the official use of its language within those zones.[6] Many formerly Greek place-names have been officially changed to Albanian ones.[6][7] Greeks from the "minority zones" were also frequently forcibly moved to other parts of the country since they were seen as possible sources of dissent and ethnic tension.[6] In post-1990 era, these issues, including the emerging subject of private property rights, continue to persist to an extent.

Both Albania and Greece hold different and often conflicting estimations, as they have done so for the last 20 years.[8] Most Western sources put the number at around 200,000. The Albanian government in the 1989 census estimated around 60,000, while the Greek government supports a figure of 300,000.[9][10][11][12][13][14] Furthermore, 13,329 ethnic Greeks with Albanian citizenship reside in Greece, and are issued special identity cards as of 2022.[15] Most of Albania's ethnic Greeks have acquired citizenship and thus no longer rely on special identity cards. It has been suggested that some Albanians and Aromanians have claimed to be Greeks in exchange for economic benefits in Greece, such as work permits and pensions.

Southern Albania

Файл:Epirus across Greece Albania4.svg
The region of Epirus, stretching across Greece and Albania

Шаблон:See also The Greek minority in Albania is concentrated in the south of the country, near the border with Greece. After 1912, in Greece part of this area became known as Northern Epirus. The Greek community is located in the former districts of Sarandë (particularly in Finiq municipality), Gjirokastër (especially in the area of Dropull), part of Delvinë and in three villages of Himara and the two villages Nartë and Zvërnec, which form the northernmost island of Greek speech in Vlorë County).Шаблон:Sfn The areas where the Greek community forms the main part of the population are not a uniform region, but areas interspersed by Albanian communities, except for Dropull which is located along the border with Greece.Шаблон:Sfn

Recognised Greek "minority zone"

Файл:Flag of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus.svg
Flag of the Greek Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus established in 1914 is used by many Northern Epirotes[16]

The communist government (1945–1991), in order to establish control over the areas populated by the Greek minority, declared the so-called "minority zones" (Шаблон:Lang-sq), consisting of 99 villages in the southern districts of Gjirokastër, Sarandë, and Delvina.[17]

Tirana's official minority policy defines the Greek origin of Albanian citizens according to the language, religion, birth and ancestors originating from the areas of the so-called "minority zones". The Albanian law on minorities acknowledges the rights of the Greek minority only to those people who live in the areas which are recognized as minority zones. The last census that included ethnicity, from 1989, included only the numbers of the Greek minority in the minority zones. Ethnic Greeks living outside those areas were not counted as such. This has had a practical effect in the area of education: With the exception of the officially recognized Greek minority zones, where teaching was held in both the Greek and Albanian languages, in all other areas of Albania lessons were taught only in the Albanian language.[18][19]

Aromanians

Шаблон:Main Work in Greece is of importance in Albania, and people who declare to be members of the Greek minority or prove their "Greek origin", receive special benefits and identity cards. A substantial number of Aromanians (Vlachs) in south-eastern Albania, as well as some Muslim Albanians, have claimed Greek identity based on pro-Greek social networks and identity idioms of the past.[20] Also, Aromanians from villages around Vlorë, who identified as "Helleno-Vlach", were able to obtain visas and work permits without any difficulties.[21] It has been suggested that a certain number of Aromanians have claimed to be Greek in exchange for benefits; such as Greek pensions, passports and visas.[22][23]

Other Greek communities in Albania

Файл:Himarra 1912.jpg
Captain of Himara, Spyros Spyromilios, leader of the local revolt, 1912

However, the official Albanian definition about minorities did not recognize as members of a minority ethnic Greeks who live in mixed villages and towns inhabited by both Greek and Albanian speaking populations, even in areas where ethnic Greeks form a majority (e.g. Himara).[18][24] Consequently, the Greek communities in Himarë, Korçë, Vlorë and Berat did not have access to any minority rights.[25][26]

Contrary to the official Albanian definition, which generally provides a limited definition of the ethnic Greeks living in Albania, Greek migration policy defines the Greek origin on the basis of language, religion, birth and ancestors from the region called Northern Epirus. In that way, according to the Greek State Council, the Greek ethnic origin can be granted on the basis of cultural ancestry (sharing "common historical memories" and/or links with "historic homelands and culture"), Greek descent (Greek Albanians have to prove that the birthplace of their parents or grandparents is in Northern Epirus), language, and religion.[25]

It has been noted that Albanians have declared themselves as Greeks in the past 20 years in exchange to reside and work in Greece. This allegedly encouraged the process of Greek irredentism in "Northern Epirus".[27]Albanian sources often use the pejorative term filogrek (pro-Greek) in relation to ethnic Greeks, usually in a context disputing their Greek ancestry.[28]

Файл:Albania minorities.png
Regions with a traditional presence of ethnic or linguistic groups other than Albanian (Blue for Greeks)
Файл:AlbaniaTraditionalCommunitiesByLanguageAndReligion.png
Traditional locations of linguistic and religious communities in Albania.

The Greek minority in Albania is located mostly compactly, within the wider Gjirokastër and Sarandë regions[29][30][31][32] and in four settlements within the coastal Himarë area[29][30][31][32][33] where they form an overall majority population.[29][34] Greek speaking settlements are also found within Përmet municipality, near the border.[35][36] Some Greek speakers are also located within the wider Korçë region.[37] Due to both forced and voluntary internal migration of Greeks within Albania during the communist era,[32][6] some Greek speakers are also located within the wider Përmet and Tepelenë regions.[32] Outside the area defined as Northern Epirus, two coastal Greek speaking villages exist near Vlorë; Nartë and Zvërnec.[38][39] While due to forced and non-forced internal population movements of Greeks within Albania during the communist era,[6][32] some Greek speakers are also dispersed within the Berat region.[40]

Human rights violations in Albania

Шаблон:See also Human rights in Albania are violated by the Government which have targeted the Greek population via police and secret service according to Human Rights organisations.[41] Greek communities have been targeted by development projects and had their homes demolished in alleged ethnic targeting of Greeks from Southern Albania.[42] Also, according to Amnesty International there were cases of mistreatment of members of Greek minority by the authorities.[43]

Also, the ethnic Greek minority complained about the government's unwillingness to recognize ethnic Greek towns outside communist-era "minority zones," to utilize Greek in official documents and on public signs in ethnic Greek areas, or to include more ethnic Greeks in public administration.[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]

The 2012 USA annual report mention that the emergence of strident nationalist groups like the Red and Black Alliance (RBA) increased ethnic tensions with the Greek minority groups.[48]

Demographics

Файл:Albania declared Greeks census 2011.png
Distribution of ethnic Greeks as per the 2011 Albanian Census; Greeks and other groups have been underrepresented in numbers due to boycott and irregularities.[53][54]

There have been many different claims about the size of the ethnic Greek minority in Albania. In the early 1990s, the figures claimed ranged from 50 to 60 thousand (official position of Albania based on the 1989 census within the designated minority zone), upwards of 300,000 (official position of Greece). Greek nationalist orgnaziations claimed that Greeks in Albania were around 250,000. According to Bideleux and Jeffries (2006), Western estimates at the time considered them to be around 200,000.[55][56] According to Miranda Vickers (2010), Albanian sources noted the Greek population at the time between 40-50,000. She also notes that the high Greek official figure would likely have had to include Orthodox communities such as Aromanians and Albanians.[57]

The vast majority of ethnic Greeks from Albania have emigrated to Greece since the 1990s.[58] According to a 2005 estimate more than 80% had migrated to Greece by then.[59] In Greece, they were issued a "special identity card" in the 1990s. The special identity card was acquired not only by ethnic Greeks but by Aromanians from Albania or people who could demonstrate an Aromanian heritage as Aromanians were recognized by Greece as being of Greek origin[60] and Orthodox Albanians.[61] In 2005, the right to obtain the special identity card was extended to non-Greek members in the families of ethnic Greeks.[62] About 189,000 individuals acquired the special identity card by 2008.[63] After Greek citizenship was made available, the number of special identity card holders has declined to about 13,000 in 2023.[15]

Politics

The minority's sociopolitical organization from promotion of Greek human rights, Omonoia, founded in January 1991, took an active role on minority issues. Omonoia was banned in the parliamentary elections of March 1991, because it violated the Albanian law which forbade 'formation of parties on a religious, ethnic and regional basis'. This situation resulted in a number of strong protests not only from the Greek side, but also from international organizations. Finally, on behalf of Omonoia, the Unity for Human Rights Party contested at the following elections, a party which aims to represent that Greek minority in the Albanian parliament.Шаблон:Efn

In more recent years, tensions have surrounded the participation of candidates of the Unity for Human Rights Party in Albanian elections. In 2000, the Albanian municipal elections were criticised by international human rights groups for "serious irregularities" reported to have been directed against ethnic Greek candidates and parties.[64]

The municipal elections held in February 2007 saw the participation of a number of ethnic Greek candidates. Vasilis Bolanos was re-elected mayor of the southern town of Himarë despite the governing and opposition Albanian parties fielding a combined candidate against him. Greek observers have expressed concern at the "non-conformity of procedure" in the conduct of the elections.[65] In 2015, Jorgo Goro, supported by the Socialist Party of Albania became the new mayor of Himara. Goro who himself had acquired Greek citizenship as a member of the minority declared in his election campaign that "there are no Greeks in Himara" and that he had changed his name from "Gjergj" to "Jorgo".[66] The Greek state revoked his citizenship in 2017 on grounds of him "acting against national interests".[67] In 2019 the candidacy of the representative of Omonoia, Fredi Beleri was rejected by the Albanian authorities due to a three-year conviction in the past. Albanian electoral law allows participation in elections as a candidate after 10 years have passed from the later conviction of a candidate. In the following election most of the Greek minority abstained from the procedure and Goro was re-elected.[68][69][70] Several irregularities were also reported during the elections.[71]

In 2004, there were five ethnic Greek members in the Albanian Parliament, and two ministers in the Albanian cabinet.[72] The same number of parliamentary members were elected in the 2017 Albanian parliamentary election.[73]

Diaspora

Greece

A special ID card for ethnic Greeks from Albania was issued in 2001 which was received by 189,000 individuals who resided in Greece at the time. For ethnic Greeks from Albania this measure was seen as treating them as "lower class citizens" as in order to obtain it their "Greekness" was examined in the form of a questionnaire. Another issue with the special ID card had to do with ethnic Albanians using fake documents which presented them as members of the Greek minority to obtain it.[74] In 2008, the citizenship law change in Greece allowed for holders of special ID cards to obtain Greek citizenship and about 45,000 did so just in the first three years of its implementation.[75] The Omonoia organization put the number at 287,000 after their so called "Greek census" in 2013. This census is not recognised by the Albanian government.[76] Шаблон:As of, the number of Albanian citizens who are holders of special IDs as homogeneis (Greek co-ethnics) has been reduced to 13,329.[15]

North America

A number of Northern Epirotes have migrated since the late 19th century to the Americas, and are generally integrated in the local Greek-American communities. The Pan-Epirotic Union of America, an organization which consists of 26 branches in various cities, according to its estimates counted nearly 30,000 Northern Epirotes in North America in 1919.[77]

According to post-war sources, Northern Epirotes in America numbered over 15,000 families in 1965.[78]

Australia

Northern Epirotes also emigrated to Australia, where they are active in raising political issues related to their motherland and the rights of the Greek populations still living there.[79] The largest number of such persons are in the state of Victoria with further communities in the states of New South Wales and South Australia.

Culture

Language

Файл:Ksrtopview - Bay and town of Saranda.jpg
View of Saranda

The Greek dialects of Albania mainly belong to the branch of southern Greek dialects.[80] In addition to Albanian loanwords, they retain some archaic forms and words that are no longer used in Standard Modern Greek, as well as in the Greek dialects of southern Epirus. Despite the relatively small distances between the various town and villages, there exists some dialectal variation,[81] most noticeably in accent.[25] Though Northern Epirote is a southern dialect, it is located far north of the reduced unstressed vowel system isogloss with the archaic disyllabic -ea. Thus, the provenance of the dialect ultimately remains obscure.[80]

The local Greek dialects (especially the idioms of Chimariotic and the Argyrokastritic) are a more conservative Greek idiom (similarly to that spoken in the Mani peninsula in Greece, and the Griko language of Apulia in Italy),[82] because they were spoken by populations living under virtual autonomy during Ottoman rule due to the rugged nature of the region. Thus, separated from other Greek dialects, the Northern Epirote Greek dialects underwent slower evolution, preserving a more archaic and faithful picture of the medieval Greek vernacular. The isolation of Albania during the years of communist rule, which separated the Greeks living in Albania from other Greek communities, also contributed to the slower evolution and differentiation of the local Greek dialects.

The Greek dialect of Nartë and Zvërnec is characterized by northern vocalism. It is a conservative dialect, and has some isoglosses with the Greek dialects of southern Italy, Ionian Islands, Epirus, but also with more distant Greek-speaking regions, such as Cyprus, Thrace and Asia Minor.[83]

Decent knowledge of Albanian is also common amongst the Greek minority; almost all Greeks who have grown up living in Albania are bilingual.[84]

Music

Шаблон:Main Epirote' folk music from this region has several unique features not found in the rest of the Greek world. Singers from the Pogon region (as well as in the Greek part of Upper Pogoni) perform a style of polyphony that is characterized by a pentatonic structure, and also appears in the music of nearby Albanian and Aromanian populations.[85] Another type of polyphonic singing in the region seems to have features in common with the lament songs (Шаблон:Lang-el) sung in some parts of Greece.[86] The female lament singing of Greeks in Albania is similar in nature and performance with that of the Mani peninsula in Greece.[87] In recent years there has been a growing interest in polyphonic music from this region, most notably by the musician Kostas Lolis, born near Sopik in Albania but now lives in Ioannina, in Greece.

Religion

Файл:Labova e Kryqit3.jpg
Dormition of the Theotokos Church, Labovë e Kryqit, a pilgrimage site.[88] The present form of the church was built in the 10th century and was renovated several times after.

Christianity spread in the late Roman Empire, and throughout much of Medieval and Modern history, the Christian faith has been a significant part of the identity of Greeks in what became Albania and elsewhere. After the Great Schism, Albania was divided between the Western (Catholic) and Eastern (Orthodox) rites, with much of the Southern regions where Greeks resided being loyal to the Orthodox rite. During the Ottoman era, the Orthodox population, to which most Greeks belonged, was treated according to the Ottoman millet system which privileged Muslims and disadvantaged Christians as second class citizens who received fewer political, social, and economic rights.[89] Orthodox Christianity during the Ottoman period remained dominant in many areas and became an important reason for preserving the Greek language, which was also the language of trade.[90][91] In Himara, during part of this period, the local Greek population were Catholics of the Eastern rite due to alliances with Western and Catholic European powers,[89] although they reverted to Greek Orthodoxy ultimately. Greek-Orthodox missionary Cosmas of Aetolia traveled across much of Southern Albania in a mission to preserve the Orthodox faith there, and was executed as a Russian agent in the process.[92] Due to reforms in the late Ottoman Empire and its ultimate collapse, legal discrimination against Christians in favor of Muslims was reduced and ceased entirely in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Under the People's Republic of Albania, the Orthodox faith adhered to by most ethnic Greeks was banned entirely alongside the other religious faiths all over the country. The process started in 1949, with the confiscation and nationalisation of Church property and further intensified in 1967, when the state launched its atheistic campaign.[93][94] However, some private practice managed to survive.[95] This campaign was also part of the state persecution against the identity of the Greek people; as many of their traditions were closely related to Eastern Christianity.[96]

The ban was lifted in 1990 just in time for Christians to observe traditional Christmas rites.[97] Thus, one of the first Orthodox masses was celebrated in the town of Dervican on 16 December of that year.[98]

Education

Ottoman era

Файл:ZographeionCol.jpg
The Zographeion College facilities (1881) in Qestorati

During the first period of Ottoman occupation, illiteracy was a main characteristic of the wider Balkan region, but contrary to that situation, Epirus was not negatively affected. Along with the tolerance of the Turkish rulers and the desires of wealthy Epirote emigrants in the diaspora, many schools were established.

The spiritual and ethnic contribution of the monastery schools in Epirus such as Katsimani (near Butrint), Drianou (in Droviani), Kamenas (in Delvina) and St. Athanasios in Poliçani (13th-17th century) was significant. The first Greek-language school in Delvine was founded in 1537,[99] when the town was still under Venetian control, while in Gjirokastër a Greek school was founded in 1633.[78] The most important impetus for the creation of schools and the development of Greek education was given by the Orthodox missionary Cosmas of Aetolia together with the Aromanian Nektarios Terpos from Moscopole.[100][101] Cosmas the Aetolian founded the Acroceraunian School, harkening back to the region's name in classical antiquity, in the town of Himara in 1770.

In Moscopole, an educational institution known as the "New Academy" (Шаблон:Lang-el) and an extensive library were established during the 18th century. A local monk founded in 1731 the first printing house in the Balkans (second only to that of Constantinople). However, after the destruction of Moscopole (1769), the center of Greek education in the region moved to nearby Korçë.[78]

In the late 19th century, the wealthy banker Christakis Zografos founded the Zographeion College in his hometown of Qestorat, in the region of Lunxhëri.[28] Many of the educated men that supported Greek culture and education in the region, then the culture of the Orthodox Patriarchate, were Aromanians by origin. In 1905, Greek education was flourishing in the region, as the entire Orthodox population, including Orthodox Albanians, were educated in Greek schools.[102]

Sandjak District No. of Greek
schools 		Pupils
Monastir Korce 41 3,452
Kolonje 11 390
Leskovik 34 1,189
Gjirokastër Gjirokastër 50 1,916
Delvine 24 1,063
Permet 35 1,189
Tepelene 18 589
Himare 3 507
Pogon 42 2,061
Berat Berat 15 623
Skrapar 1 18
Lushnjë 28 597
Vlore 10 435
Durrës Durrës 3 205
Total 315 14,234

However, in the northernmost districts of Berat and Durrës, the above numbers do not reflect the ethnological distribution, because a large number of students were Orthodox Albanians.[103]

20th century Albania (1912–1991)

When Albania was created in 1912, the educational rights of the Greek communities in Albanian territory were granted by the Protocol of Corfu (1914) and with the statement of Albania's representatives in the League of Nations (1921). However, under a policy of assimilation, the Greek schools (there were over 360 until 1913) were gradually forced to close and Greek education was virtually eliminated by 1934. Following the intervention by the League of Nations, a limited number of schools, only those inside the "official minority zones", were reopened.[28][104]

During the years of the communist regime, Greek education was also limited to the so-called "minority zone", and even then pupils were taught only Albanian history and culture at the primary level.[18][105] If a few Albanian families moved into a town or village, the minority's right to be educated in Greek and publish in Greek newspapers was revoked.[106]

Post cold war period (1991–present)

One of the major issues between the Albanian government and the Greek minority in Albania is that of education and the need for more Greek-language schools, due to overcrowded classrooms and unfulfilled demand. In addition, the Greek minority remands that Greek language education be made available outside the "official minority zones". In 2006, the establishment of a Greek-language university in Gjirokastër was agreed upon after discussions between the Albanian and Greek government.[107] Also in 2006, after years of unanswered demands by the local community, a private Greek-language school opened in the town of Himarë,[108] at the precise location where the Orthodox missionary Cosmas the Aetolian founded the Acroceraunian School.[109] The school currently has five teachers and 115 pupils. The Albanian government systematically persecutes Greek communities using mandatory demolition orders, further provocation has come on issuing the demolition orders on Greek national holidays. These are often under the proviso of development but only effect ethnic Greeks and restrict and target educational buildings.[110]Шаблон:Cn

Benefaction

Файл:Evangelos Zappas.jpg
Evangelos Zappas

A number of people from the prosperous Northern Epirote diaspora of the 18th-19th centuries made significant contributions not only to their homeland, but also to the Greek state and to the Greek world under Ottoman Turkish domination. They donated fortunes for the construction of educational, cultural and social institutions. The Sinas family supported the expansion of the University of Athens and sponsored the foundation of the National Observatory. Ioannis Pangas from Korcë gave all of his wealth for educational purposes in Greece.[104] The Zappas brothers, Evangelos and Konstantinos, endowed Athens with an ancient Greek-style marble stadium (the Kallimarmaro) that has hosted Olympic Games in 1870,[111] 1875, 1896, 1906 and 2004, and the Zappeion exhibition center. The Zappas brothers also founded a number of hospitals and schools in Athens and Constantinople.[78] Christakis Zografos in the Ottoman capital offered vast amounts of money for the establishments of two Greek schools (one for boys, known as Zographeion Lyceum, as well as one for girls), and a hospital.[112]

Organizations

Шаблон:Greeks

Albania

Шаблон:Main During the years of communist rule, any form of organization by minorities was prohibited.[113] In 1991, when the communist regime collapsed, the political organization Omonoia (Шаблон:Lang-el) was founded, in the town of Dervican by representatives of the Greek minority. The organization has four affiliates, in Sarandë, Delvinë, Gjirokastër and Tirana, and sub-sections in Korçë, Vlorë and Përmet. Its leading forum is the General Council consisting of 45 members, which is elected by the General Conference held every two years.[114]

The Chair of Omonoia called for the autonomy of Northern Epirus in 1991, on the basis that the rights of the minority under the Albanian constitution were highly precarious. This proposal was rejected and thereby spurred the organization's radical wing to "call for Union with Greece".[113]

Omonoia was banned from the parliamentary elections of March 1991 on the grounds that it violated an Albanian law forbidding the "formation of parties on a religious, ethnic and regional basis". This situation was contested during the following elections on behalf of Omonoia by the Unity for Human Rights Party – a party which represents the Greek minority in the Albanian parliament. Omonoia still exists as an umbrella social and political organization, and represents approximately 100,000 to 150,000 ethnic Greeks.[28]

Omonoia has been the center of more than one political controversy in Albania. A major political controversy erupted in 1994 when five ethnic Greek members of Omonoia were arrested, investigated, and tried for treason. Their arrest was substantially marred by procedural shortcomings in the search of their homes and offices, their detention, and their trial. None of the arrestees had access to legal counsel during their initial detention. Four of the five ethnic Greek members of Omonoia stated that, during their detention, authorities subjected them to physical and psychological pressure, including beatings, sleep deprivation, and threats of torture. The Albanian Government rejected these claims. The five ethnic Greeks also complained of lack of access to their families during the first 3 months of their 4-month investigation. During their trial, a demonstration by a group of about 100 Greek lawyers, journalists, and ethnic Greek citizens of Albania took place outside the courthouse. The Albanian Police violently broke up the protest and detained about 20 lawyers and journalists. The members of Omonoia were eventually sentenced to 6 to 8-year prison terms, which were subsequently reduced on appeal.[115][116]

North America

The Panepirotic Federation of America (Шаблон:Lang-el) was founded in Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1942, by Greek immigrants from Epirus (both from the Greek and Albanian part). One of the organization's main goals has been the protection of the human rights of the Greek minority in Albania[117] and to call on the Albanian Government to enhance its full acceptance within the community of responsible nations by restoring to the Greek minority its educational, religious, political, linguistic and cultural rights due them under bilateral and international agreements signed by Albania's representatives since the country was created in 1913, including the right to declare their ethnic and religious affiliation in a census monitored by international observers.[118]

Australia

The Panepirotic Federation of Australia (Шаблон:Lang-el) was founded in 1982 as a Federation of various organizations representing migrants who originated from the region of Epirus throughout Australia. It is known for its dedication to the maintenance and development of Epirotic culture in Australia, its passionate championing of the rights of the Greek minority of Northern Epirus, and plays a prominent role in the life of the Greek community in Australia. It has donated over one million dollars to works of a charitable and philanthropic nature for the Greeks of Northern Epirus. It is also affiliated with the World Council of Epirotes Abroad and the World Council of Hellenes Abroad.Шаблон:Cn

The Panepirotic Federation of Australia's former president, Mr Petros Petranis has notably completed a study of Epirotic migration to Australia, which is titled "Epirots in Australia" (Greek: Οι Ηπειρώτες στην Αυστραλία), published by the National Centre for Hellenic Studies, La Trobe University, in 2004.Шаблон:Cn

Notable people

Academics

Literature and art

Military/resistance

Philanthropy

Politics

Religion

Sports

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

Footnotes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Further reading

  • Austin, Robert. Kjellt Engelbrekt, and Duncan M. Perry. "Albania's Greek Minority". RFE/RL Research Report. Vol 3 Iss 11. 18 March 1994, pp. 19–24
  • Berxolli, Arqile. Sejfi Protopapa, and Kristaq Prifti. "The Greek Minority in the Albanian Republic: A Demographic Study". Nationalities Papers 22, no.2, (1994)
  • Filippatos, James. "Ethnic Identity and Political Stability in Albania: The Human Rights Status of the Greek Minority", Mediterranean Quarterly, Winter 1999, pp. 132–156
  • Шаблон:Cite web

Шаблон:Ethnic groups in Albania Шаблон:Northern Epirus Шаблон:Greek diaspora

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 Шаблон:Harvnb: "In addition, many Greeks were forcibly removed from the minority zones to other parts of the country as a product of communist population policy, an important and constant element of which was to pre-empt ethnic sources of political dissent. Greek place-names were changed to Albanian names, while use of the Greek language, prohibited everywhere outside the minority zones, was prohibited for many official purposes within them as well."
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Teil diverser Albanisierungskampagnen war schließlich auch das Dekret Nr.5339 vom 23.9.1975 über die Änderung unpassender Vor- und Zunamen, das die Vergabe von "in politischer, ideologischer moralischer Hinsicht ungeeigneter Vornamen" unterbinden sollte und sich wenn auch nicht direkt, so doch zumindest mittelbar gegen die Minderheiten richtete. Im selben Kontext steht die forcierte Änderung geographischer Bezeichnungen (insbes. von Ortsnamen) mit religiösem oder fremdsprachlichem Bezug in dieser Zeitphase. Sogar archäologische Stätten der Griechen- und Römerzeit wurden in "illyrische" umbenannt."
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  10. ↑ Republic of Albania, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2016). "Fourth Report submitted by Albania pursuant to Article 25, paragraph 2 of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities". pp. 14–15.
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ Gregoric, 2008, p. 111: "In order to establish control over the areas populated by the Greek minority, Enver Hoxha soon after 1945 declared the so called “minority zones” or zona e minoritarëve. The provinces of Gjirokastër, Sarandë and Delvina were declared as minority zones, conjoining 99 villages".
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 18,2 Шаблон:Harvnb: "In contrast, Albanian governments use a much lower figure of 58,000 which rests on the unrevised definition of "minority" adopted during the communist period. Under this definition, minority status was limited to those who lived in 99 villages in the southern border areas, thereby excluding important concentrations of Greek settlement in Vlora (perhaps 8000 people in 1994) and in adjoining areas along the coast, ancestral Greek towns such as Himara, and ethnic Greeks living elsewhere throughout the country. Mixed villages outside this designated zone, even those with a clear majority of ethnic Greeks, were not considered minority areas and therefore were denied any Greek-language cultural or educational provisions."
  19. ↑ Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities: Second Opinion on Albania, 29 May 2008. Council of Europe: Secretariat of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities.
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book "Such pro-Greek feelings also draw power from the [...] Vlachs, part of which for historical reasons had developed cultural affinity with Greece. The recent socio-political changes in Albania have brought on this change. Work in Greece is of vital importance, so in order to acquire entry or a work permit in Greece, you have to declare being a member of the Greek Minority or prove your 'Greek origin', which has acquired tremendous social and economic value in Albania. Different identity cards were provided by the Greek state to 'Greeks by descent' (homogeneis), i.e. to Albanian citizens claiming Greek origin. A great number of Vlachs in the south-east of Albania have also claimed Greek homogeneis identity based on their pro-Greek social networks and identity idioms of the past. There have even been cases of Albanian Muslims who made similar claims by falsifying their Albanian documents. This is the potential effect of Greek policy, since people in Albania believe that that there is discrimination by the Greek state against Muslims or 'non-Greeks' in favour of 'Christians' or those of 'Greek origin'."
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book "An issue that relates to the above is that in recent years Albanian citizens who can demonstrate adequate knowledge of the Vlach language or Vlach cultural heritage have been recognised by Greece of being of Greek origin. They have consequently enjoyed privileged treatment by the Greek consulates in the issuing of visas. Some have argued that this might represent an attempt by Greece to introduce ‘new blood’ to the minority in order to compensate for the loss due to migration (Tsitselikis and Christopoulos 2003:: 30-3). Though some Vlachs can claim descent from Greece (Baltsiotis 2003: 1099; Winnifirth 2002: 26, 164), it is not clear that Greece is trying to create a ‘new minority’. For instance, in the 2001 Albanian elections Greece did not display interest in the electoral procedure in areas with Vlach speaking population (Baltsiotis 2003: 110). Furthermore, it has been argued that many of those who have presented themselves as ‘Helleno-Vlachs’ have done so in order to have access to various benefits (such as working vises and scholarships) rather than because they have a distinguishing Greek identity (Baltsiotis 2003: 89-109 Christopoulos 2003: 147-8; Schwander-Sivers 1999)."
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Albania: From Anarchy to a Balkan Identity. Miranda Vickers, James Pettifer. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1997. Шаблон:ISBN "...in practise many villages of ethnic Greeks were unable to obtain minority classification because a few Albanians also lived there.
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 25,2 Contested Spaces and Negotiated Identities in Dhermi/Drimades of Himare/Himara area, Southern Albania. Шаблон:Webarchive Nataša Gregorič Bon. Nova Gorica 2008.
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  27. ↑ Bugajski, J. (2013). Return of the Balkans: Challenges to European Integration and U.S. Disengagement. USA: Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press., p. 92
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 28,2 28,3 Шаблон:Cite book
  29. ↑ 29,0 29,1 29,2 Nitsiakos, Vassilis (2010). On the border: Transborder mobility, ethnic groups and boundaries along the Albanian-Greek frontier. LIT Verlag. p. 99. "According to the latest census in the area, the Greek-speaking population is larger but not necessarily continuous and concentrated. The exclusively Greek-speaking villages, apart from Himarë, are Queparo Siperme, Dhërmi and Palasë. The rest are inhabited by Albanian-speaking Orthodox Christians (Kallivretakis 1995:25-58)."; pp. 129-130. "The Greek minority of Albania is found in the southern part of the country and it mostly constitutes a compact group of people. Apart from the cities (Gjirokastër, Sarandë), whose population is mixed, the villages of these two areas, which are officially recognized as minority areas, are in the vast majority of their population Greek and their historical presence in this geographical space, has led to an identification of the group with this place."
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 Winnifrith, 2002, pp. 24-25: "But in spite of the efforts of Greek schools and churches near Vlorë, Berat and Korçë, Greek speech only really exists today in the extreme south-west of Albania near Butrint and along the border as far as Kakavia, in three villages along the coast near Himarë, and in the Drinos valley near Gjirokastër. Even in these areas there are pockets of Albania speech, and almost all Greek-speakers are bilingual. Emigration to Greece has in the past ten years both emptied certain villages and increased the number of Greek-speakers. Pro-Greek feelings may have existed at other opportune times among people who spoke Albanian at home, but were Orthodox in religion and spoke Greek in commercial dealing or at church."
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 Kallivretakis, Leonidas (1995). "Η ελληνική κοινότητα της Αλβανίας υπό το πρίσμα της ιστορικής γεωγραφίας και δημογραφίας [The Greek Community of Albania in terms of historical geography and demography Шаблон:Cite book." In Nikolakopoulos, Ilias, Kouloubis Theodoros A. & Thanos M. Veremis (eds). Ο Ελληνισμός της Αλβανίας [The Greeks of Albania]. University of Athens. pp. 51-58.
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 32,2 32,3 32,4 Berxholli Arqile, Sejfi Protopapa, & Kristaq Prifti (1994). "The Greek minority in the Albanian Republic: A demographic study". Nationalities Papers. 22. (2): 430. "Another factor contributing to the lower rate of increase in the Greek minority is the internal movement of the ethnic Greeks. The women who marry non-Greeks outside the minority areas often give up their Greek nationality. The same thing can be said about the ethnic Greeks, especially those with university training, who would be employed outside their villages. In particular, those working in large cities like Tirana very often would not declare their Greek nationality."; p. 431: "As can be seen from Table I, the preponderant number of Greek nationals, 57,602, live in southern Albania, south of the Shkumbin River. Only 1,156 ethnic Greeks reside outside of this region, principally in the cities of Tirana, Durres and Elbasan. Thus, in southern Albania, with an area of 13,000 square kilometers and a population of 1,377,810, the Greek minority makes up 4.18 percent of the overall population. But the highest concentration of the Greek minority is located in an area of I ,000 square kilometers in the enclaves of Pogon, Dropull and Vurg, specifically, the townships of Lower Dropull, Upper Dropull and Pogon, in the district of Gjirokastra; the townships of Vergo, Finiq, Aliko, Mesopotam and the city of Delvina in the district of Delvina; and the townships of Livadhja, Dhiver and the city of Saranda, in the district of Saranda. This concentration has a total population of 53,986 ethnic Greeks. In turn, these enclaves are within the districts of Gjirokastra, Delvina and Saranda, with an area of 2,234 square kilometers which contains a total of 56,452 ethnic Greeks, or 36.6 percent of the general population of 154,141 in the region."
  33. ↑ Winnifrith, Tom (1995). "Southern Albania, Northern Epirus: Survey of a Disputed Ethnological Boundary Шаблон:Webarchive". Society Farsharotu. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  35. ↑ Dimitropoulos, Konstantinos (2011). Social and political policies regarding Hellenism in Albania during the Hoxha period Шаблон:Webarchive (Thesis). Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences. p. 11.
  36. ↑ Nitsiakos. On the border. 2010. pp. 249-263
  37. ↑ Winnifrith, 2002, p. 133.
  38. ↑ Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond (1967). Epirus: the Geography, the Ancient Remains, the History and Topography of Epirus and Adjacent Areas. Clarendon Press. pp. 131-132.
  39. ↑ Dimitropoulos. Social and political policies regarding Hellenism. 2011. p. 13.
  40. ↑ Winnifrith, 2002, p. 29: "Berat was the seat of a Greek bishopric... and today Vlach- and even Greek-speakers can be found in the town and the villages near by".
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  43. ↑ ALBANIA: FAILURE TO END POLICE ILL-TREATMENT AND DEATHS IN CUSTODY
  44. ↑ United States Department of State ALBANIA 2008 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT]
  45. ↑ United States Department of State ALBANIA 2009 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT]
  46. ↑ ALBANIA 2010 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT
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  51. ↑ ALBANIA 2015 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT
  52. ↑ ALBANIA 2016 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT
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  72. ↑ Albania: Profile of Asylum claims and country conditions. United States Department of State. March 2004, p. 6.
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  77. ↑ The question of Northern Epirus at the Peace Conference. Шаблон:Webarchive Pan-Epirotic Union of America. Nicolas J. Cassavetis. Oxford University Press American Branch. 1919.
  78. ↑ 78,0 78,1 78,2 78,3 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Ruches 1965 не указан текст
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  80. ↑ 80,0 80,1 Appendix A. History & Diatopy of Greek. Шаблон:Webarchive The story of pu: The grammaticalisation in space and time of a Modern Greek complementiser. December 1998. University of Melbourne. Nick Nicholas.
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  82. ↑ Appendix A. History & Diatopy of Greek. Шаблон:Webarchive The story of pu: The grammaticalisation in space and time of a Modern Greek complementiser. December 1998. University of Melbourne. Nick Nicholas. p. 504: "Why Himara or Argyrokastro would have been significantly more archaic than any number of mountains in Northern Greece (not counting those where Aroumin is spoken!) is not clear"
  83. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  84. ↑ Winnifrith, 2002, pp. 24-25: "But in spite of the efforts of Greek schools and churches near Vlorë, Berat and Korçë, Greek speech only really exists today in the extreme south-west of Albania near Butrint and along the border as far as Kakavia, in three villages along the coast near Himarë, and in the Drinos valley near Gjirokastër. Even in these areas there are pockets of Albania speech, and almost all Greek-speakers are bilingual.
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  88. ↑ Giakoumis, K. An Enquiry into the Construction, Deconstruction, Transubstantiation and Reconstruction of Christian Pilgrimages in Modern-Day Albania. Page 282
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  91. ↑ Gregorič 2008: 126
  92. ↑ *Шаблон:Cite book.
  93. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  94. ↑ Miranda Vickers & James Petiffer 1997: "...with the demolition and the subsequent demolition of many churches, burning of religious books… general human rights violations. Christians could not mention Orthodoxy even in their own homes, visit their parents’ graves, light memorial candles or make the sign of the Cross."
  95. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  96. ↑ The New Albanian Migration, Russell King, Nicola Mai, Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers, Sussex Academic Press, 2005, p. 68: The unprecedented repression (even by the standards of a communist regime) of religion was a further attack on the identity of ethnic Greeks, many of whose traditions and customs related closely to Orthodox Christianity.
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  104. ↑ 104,0 104,1 Greece of Tomorrow. George H. Chase. READ BOOKS, 2007. Шаблон:ISBN
  105. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Although some Greek-language education existed under communism, pupils were taught only Albanian history and culture, even in Greek-language classes at the primary level."
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  107. ↑ Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Albania, 2006. U.S. Department of State.
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  111. ↑ The Modern Olympics, A Struggle for Revival, by David C. Young, p. 44
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  113. ↑ 113,0 113,1 Working Paper. Albanian Series. Gender Ethnicity and Landed Property in Albania. Шаблон:Webarchive Sussana Lastaria-Cornhiel, Rachel Wheeler. September 1998. Land Tenure Center. University of Wisconsin.
  114. ↑ Report submitted by Albania puruant to article 25, paragraph 1 of the framework convention for the protection of national minorities. Шаблон:Webarchive ACFR/SR (2001). 26 July 2001.
  115. ↑ U.S. Department of State – Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1994:Albania
  116. ↑ P. Papondakis, The Omonoia Five trial: democracy, ethnic minorities and the future of Albania' – Sudosteuropa, 1996
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