Английская Википедия:Green nail syndrome
Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Infobox medical condition (new) Green nail syndrome is an infection that can develop in individuals whose hands are frequently submerged in water resulting in discolouration of the nails from shades of green to black.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It may also occur as transverse green stripes that are ascribed to intermittent episodes of infection.Шаблон:Sfn It is usually caused by the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosaШаблон:Sfn and is linked to hands being constantly moist or exposed to chemicals, or in individuals who have damaged or traumatised nails.Шаблон:Sfn There are several activities and nail injuries or conditions that are linked to higher risk of contracting the condition.
Symptoms and signs
Green nail syndrome (chloronychia or Goldman-Fox syndromeШаблон:Sfn) is characterised by discolouration of the infected nail, inflammation of the skin around the nail known as paronychia, and an odour resembling fruit.Шаблон:Sfn The colour may range from light or blueish green or yellow-green to darker green or black.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Nails may be separated from the nail bed (onycholysis)Шаблон:Sfn and may have green stripes from repeated infections.Шаблон:Sfn Chronic fungal infection (onychomycosis) may also be present.Шаблон:Sfn
Causes
Green nail syndrome is caused when the nail is exposed to a bacterial organism, which leads to opportunistic infection.Шаблон:Sfn Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the most common cause but not the only one,Шаблон:Sfn is frequently found in nature including in water sources, humans, animals and soil.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn These bacteria do not normally survive on dry, healthy skin, but can thrive in moist conditions.Шаблон:Sfn The seal between the nail and finger acts as a physical barrier to prevent infection, however hyper-hydration or destruction of the epidermis can impair the barrier, allowing the bacteria to colonise.Шаблон:Medcn The nail turns green due to the bacteria secreting pigments such as pyocyaninШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and pyoverdin.Шаблон:Sfn
Risk factors
Green nail syndrome occurs rarely in healthy individuals, but can occur in the immunocompromised or those whose hands are frequently immersed in water or who have other nail problems.Шаблон:Sfn The elderly and people who have had trauma to a finger or nail are at greater risk of contracting green nail syndrome.Шаблон:Sfn
Green nail syndrome has been linked to manicures,Шаблон:Sfn heat, dermatitis, ulcerations, occlusions and excess sweating.Шаблон:Medcn Higher risk of contracting the infection is also linked to soccer players and military personnel due to the prolonged periods of time in which they exercise while wear tight fitting shoes[1] as well as immunosuppressed persons and those with a weakened epidermis barrier.
Pseudomonas can be transferred among clients in a nail salon if appropriate hygiene standards are not practiced, allowing transfer of the bacteria to clients.[2] Artificial nails may be a contributing factor, and their use can result in diagnostic delay.Шаблон:Sfn
A man working in a job where he was regularly mixing chemicals developed green nails secondary to exposure to chemicals; he mostly wore latex gloves, but sometimes did not, and the type of gloves he used was inadequate, resulting in a constantly moist environment.[3]
Cloronychia may be transferred to patients in clinics by medical practitioners, even when they are wearing gloves.Шаблон:Sfn
Diagnosis
Diagnosis can typically be made from a physical examination of the nail, although cultures are sometimes needed.Шаблон:Sfn Nail scrapings[4] can be performed to rule out fungal infections.Шаблон:Sfn
Differential diagnosis
Green nails may also be seen with Proteus mirabilis infection, in psoriasis, or because of use of triphenylmethane dyesШаблон:Sfn or other stains and lacquers or chemical solutions.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Melanoma is an infrequent differential diagnosis, which must be ruled out in hard-to-treat cases.Шаблон:Sfn Other differential diagnoses include hematoma and fungal infections (onychomycosis).Шаблон:Sfn
Prevention
Preventative measures should be implemented by those who are most at risk of contracting green nail syndrome due to their predisposition or lifestyle and workplace choices. Wearing waterproof gloves or rubber boots can be effective in preventing prolonged exposure of the nails to water. Avoiding trauma that could lead to the destruction of the epidermis seal is on the nails is a priority in preventing green nail syndrome recurrences.Шаблон:Medcn
Treatment
As of 2020, there have not been controlled, blinded studies on the treatment of green nail syndromeШаблон:Sfn and there are no treatment guidelines as of 2021.Шаблон:Sfn Keeping the nails dry and avoiding excessive immersion of the nails are key.Шаблон:Sfn In some cases, surgical removal of the infected nail may be required,Шаблон:Sfn as a last choice.Шаблон:Sfn The patient is advised to avoid further trauma to the infected nail regardless of the treatment they received.[1]
Pharmaceutical
Oral antibiotics are rarely necessary, helpfulШаблон:Sfn or recommended by all practitioners.Шаблон:Sfn Moderate cases of green nail syndrome may be prescribed topical antibiotics (silver sulfadiazine, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, bacitracin and polymyxin B).Шаблон:Sfn Oral antibiotics are sometimes used if other therapies fail.Шаблон:Sfn Tobramycin eye drops are sometimes used.Шаблон:Sfn
Alternative
The least invasive treatment includes soaking the nail in alcohol and regularly trimming the nail back,Шаблон:Medcn to dry out the area and prevent bacterial colonization.[4] Some at-home treatments include soaking the nails in vinegar (diluted with water 1:1) or a chlorine bleach solution (diluted with water 1:4) at regular intervals.Шаблон:Sfn
History
Goldman–Fox syndrome was first described in 1944 by Leon Goldman, a dermatology professor at the University of Cincinnati, and Harry Fox.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn[5]
See also
References
Works cited
Books
Journal reviews
Further reading
Шаблон:Medical resources Шаблон:Bacterial cutaneous infections
