Английская Википедия:Greenlandic phonology
Шаблон:Citation style Шаблон:Self reference Шаблон:Main Шаблон:IPA notice This article discusses the phonological system of the Greenlandic language.
Vowels
The Greenlandic three-vowel system, composed of Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:IPA, is typical for an Eskimo–Aleut language. Double vowels are analyzed as two morae and so they are phonologically a vowel sequence and not a long vowel. They are also orthographically written as two vowels.[2][3] There is only one diphthong, Шаблон:IPA, which occurs only at the ends of words.[4]
- /u/ is [o~ɔ] before uvulars, [ʉ] between coronals, [u] before labials and word-initially before non-uvulars, and [ʊ] elsewhere.[5]
- /a/ is [ɑ] before uvulars, [a] word-finally and word-initially before non-uvulars, and [ə] otherwise.[6]
- /i/ is [ɐ] before uvulars, [i] word-initially before non-uvulars, [y] before labials, and [ɪ] otherwise.[7]
Other authors may use slightly different notation, but Hagerup concludes that the notation is comparable.[8]
The allophonic lowering of Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA before uvular consonants is shown in the modern orthography by writing Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA as Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr respectively before Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr, as in some orthographies used for Quechua and Aymara. For example:
- Шаблон:IPA "husband" pronounced Шаблон:IPA.
- Шаблон:IPA "(s)he has a husband" pronounced Шаблон:IPA and written Шаблон:Angbr.
- Шаблон:IPA "house" pronounced Шаблон:IPA.
- Шаблон:IPA "(s)he has a house" pronounced Шаблон:IPA and written Шаблон:Angbr.
Nonetheless, still there are some minimal pairs of the lowering allophony, in the case of ⟨rC⟩: Шаблон:Wikt-lang "gun" Шаблон:IPA vs. Шаблон:Wikt-lang "February" Шаблон:IPA.
Consonants
Greenlandic has consonants at five points of articulation: labial, alveolar, palatal, velar and uvular. It distinguishes stops, fricatives, and nasals at the labial, alveolar, velar, and uvular points of articulation. The palatal sibilant Шаблон:IPA has merged with Шаблон:IPA in all dialects except those of the Sisimiut–Maniitsoq–Nuuk–Paamiut area.[9][10] The labiodental fricative Шаблон:IPA is contrastive only in loanwords. The alveolar stop Шаблон:IPA is pronounced as an affricate Шаблон:IPA before the high front vowel Шаблон:IPA. Often, Danish loanwords containing Шаблон:Vr preserve these in writing, but that does not imply a change in pronunciation, for example Шаблон:Vr Шаблон:IPA "beer" and Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPA "God"; these are pronounced exactly as Шаблон:IPA.[11] Word-final stops may be unreleased or, phrase-internally, even deleted.[12]
Шаблон:NotelistAlso of note is that geminate /vv/ may be pronounced as dento-labial in southern dialects. This is a feature seemingly unique among the world's languages. [13]
Phonotactics
The Kalaallisut syllable is simple, allowing syllables of Шаблон:Lang, where C is a consonant and V is a vowel and VV is a double vowel or word-final Шаблон:IPA.[14] Native words may begin with only a vowel or Шаблон:IPA and may end only in a vowel or Шаблон:IPA or rarely Шаблон:IPA. Consonant clusters occur only over syllable boundaries, and their pronunciation is subject to regressive assimilations that convert them into geminates. All non-nasal consonants in a cluster are voiceless.[15]
Prosody
Greenlandic prosody does not include stress as an autonomous category; instead, prosody is determined by tonal and durational parameters.[3] Intonation is influenced by syllable weight: heavy syllables are pronounced in a way that may be perceived as stress. Heavy syllables include syllables with long vowels and syllables before consonant clusters. The last syllable is stressed in words with fewer than four syllables and without long vowels or consonant clusters. The antepenultimate syllable is stressed in words with more than four syllables that are all light. In words with many heavy syllables, syllables with long vowels are considered heavier than syllables before consonant clusters.[16]
Geminate consonants are pronounced long, almost exactly with the double duration of a single consonant.[17]
Intonation in indicative clauses usually rises on the antepenultimate syllable, falls on the penult and rises on the last syllable. Interrogative intonation rises on the penultimate and falls on the last syllable.[16][18]
Morphophonology
Greenlandic phonology distinguishes itself phonologically from the other Inuit languages by a series of assimilations.
Greenlandic phonology allows clusters of two consonants, but phonetically, the first consonant in a cluster is assimilated to the second one resulting in a geminate consonant. If the first consonant is Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA, it nevertheless opens/retracts the preceding vowel, which in case of Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA is then written Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr. Geminate Шаблон:IPA is pronounced Шаблон:IPA. Geminate Шаблон:IPA is pronounced Шаблон:IPA. Geminate Шаблон:IPA is pronounced Шаблон:IPA. Geminate Шаблон:IPA is pronounced Шаблон:IPA and written Шаблон:Vr.[19]
These assimilations mean that one of the most recognizable Inuktitut words, Шаблон:Lang ("house"), is Шаблон:Lang in Greenlandic, where the Шаблон:IPA consonant cluster of Inuktitut is assimilated into a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative. And the word Inuktitut itself, when translated into Kalaallisut, becomes Шаблон:Lang.
Шаблон:Anchor When an affix beginning with a consonant is added to a stem that ends in a consonant, the following rules apply (C¹ refers to the final consonant of the stem, C² to the initial consonant of the affix):
Шаблон:IPA is realised as Шаблон:IPA, e.g. Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA (more narrowly transcribed Шаблон:IPA), except as in the next paragraph. In spelling, Шаблон:Vr becomes Шаблон:Vr, except for Шаблон:Vr and *Шаблон:Vr which become Шаблон:Vr (this is necessary to indicate the retracted quality of Шаблон:IPA, while the open qualities of Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are also indicated by spelling them Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr), except for *Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr which become Шаблон:Vr.
If the second consonant is Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, or Шаблон:IPA, the following applies:
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Vr becomes Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Vr.
Шаблон:IPA becomes Шаблон:IPA. In spelling, *Шаблон:Angbr becomes Шаблон:Vr, except for *Шаблон:Vr and *Шаблон:Vr which become Шаблон:Vr (this is necessary to indicate the retracted quality of Шаблон:IPA, while the open qualities of Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are also indicated by spelling them Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr).
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Vr becomes Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Vr, except for *Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Vr and *Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Vr which become Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Vr.
The consonant Шаблон:IPA has disappeared between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA. Therefore, affixes beginning with Шаблон:Vr or Шаблон:Vr have forms without Шаблон:IPA when they are suffixed to stems that end in Шаблон:IPA.
Шаблон:Anchor The Old Greenlandic diphthong Шаблон:IPA has assimilated to Шаблон:IPA, so when a suffix beginning with Шаблон:IPA comes after a single Шаблон:IPA, the Шаблон:IPA becomes Шаблон:IPA. When a suffix beginning with Шаблон:IPA comes after a double Шаблон:IPA, a Шаблон:IPA is instead inserted before the Шаблон:IPA. To summarise: Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA, otherwise Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA.
The vowel Шаблон:IPA of modern Greenlandic is the result of a historic merger of the Proto-Eskimo–Aleut vowels *i and *ɪ. The fourth vowel was still present in Old Greenlandic, as attested by Hans Egede.[20] In modern West Greenlandic, the difference between the two original vowels can be discerned morphophonologically only in certain environments. The vowel that was originally *ɪ has the variant Шаблон:IPA when preceding another vowel and sometimes disappears before certain suffixes.[21]
The degree to which the assimilation of consonant clusters has taken place is an important dialectal feature separating Polar Eskimo, Inuktun, which still allows some ungeminated consonant clusters, from West and East Greenlandic. East Greenlandic (Tunumiit oraasiat) has shifted some geminate consonants, such as Шаблон:IPA to Шаблон:IPA. Thus, for example, the East Greenlandic name of a particular town is Ittoqqortoormiit, which would appear as Illoqqortoormiut in Kalaallisut.[22][23]
See also
References
Sources
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite conference
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Fortescue (1990) p. 317
- ↑ Rischel (1974) pp. 79 – 80
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Jacobsen (2000)
- ↑ Bjørnum (2003) p. 16
- ↑ Hagerup (2011) p. 21
- ↑ Hagerup (2011) p. 24
- ↑ Hagerup (2011) p. 27
- ↑ Hagerup (2011) pp. 30-31
- ↑ Petersen (1981)
- ↑ Rischel (1974) pp.173–177
- ↑ Den Store Danske
- ↑ Fortescue (1984) p. 336
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Fortescue (1984) p. 338
- ↑ Sadock (2003) pp. 20–21
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 Bjørnum (2003) pp. 23–26
- ↑ Sadock (2003) p. 2
- ↑ Fortescue (1984) p. 5
- ↑ Bjørnum,(2003) p. 27
- ↑ Rischel (1985) pp. 553
- ↑ Underhill (1976)
- ↑ Mennecier(1995) p 102
- ↑ Mahieu & Tersis (2009) p. 53
