Английская Википедия:GroenLinks–PvdA

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GroenLinks–PvdA (Шаблон:IPA-nl), alternatively PvdA–GroenLinks, or GreenLeft–Labour in English, is an alliance between GroenLinks (GL) and the Labour Party (PvdA) in the Netherlands. The political alliance was founded at the national level by party leaders Lilianne Ploumen and Jesse Klaver during the 2021–2022 Dutch cabinet formation, whereas local alliances between the two parties had already been formed in prior years. The two parties formed a joint parliamentary group in the Provincial Council of Zeeland in 29 March 2023, then formed a joint group in the Senate following the 2023 Dutch Senate election, and formed a joint group in the House of Representatives on 27 October 2023.

Following the collapse of the fourth Rutte cabinet in July 2023, the leaders of PvdA (Attje Kuiken) and GL (Jesse Klaver) announced their intention to contest the 2023 Dutch general election as an alliance. Members of both PvdA and GroenLinks voted in favour of the proposal, and confirmed Frans Timmermans as lead candidate in August.

History

Informal cooperations

Prior to the formation of a national alliance, the Labour Party (PvdA) and GroenLinks (GL) had already formed local alliances in some municipalities; in the 2022 municipal elections, the two parties participated with a joint list in 50 local municipalities. In addition, they had formed electoral alliances (Шаблон:Lang-nl) in multiple national elections, such as the 2009 European Parliament election and the 2010 general election.

The concept behind the alliance

The idea of a possible merger of centre-left parties in the Netherlands, including the PvdA and GL, is not a new idea. As early as 2004, Job Cohen, then mayor of Amsterdam and later PvdA national leader, called for a merger of the PvdA, GL and Socialist Party (SP), suggesting "Progressive People's Party" as possible name. That name refers to an even earlier proposal with the same name that was discussed in the 1970s of the PvdA, Democrats 66 (D66) and the Political Party of Radicals (PPR), one of GL's forerunners, to merge into a single party. This, however, never materialised.

Following the heavy defeat of the PvdA in the 2017 general election, in which the party went from 25 per cent to less than six per cent of the vote, discussions about a possible merger began to rise again. With this electoral demise, the left-of-centre political landscape in the Netherlands - including D66, GL, SP, the Party for the Animals (PvdD), Christian Union (CU), Volt Netherlands, DENK and BIJ1 - fragmented. In both the 2017 and 2021 general elections, there was no left-leaning party big enough to be the main contender to Prime Minister Mark Rutte's People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) from the left. Many left-leaning voters in the Netherlands have a habit of voting tactically for the largest left-leaning force in an attempt to prevent a right-leaning party from becoming the largest party. Examples of this are the 2012 and 2003 general elections when voters from other left-leaning parties flocked to the Labour Party.Шаблон:Cn

When the PvdA and GL received a disappointing election result in the 2021 general election (5.7 per cent and 5.0 per cent respectively), calls for a merger increased. In the first week after the elections, members from both parties founded the movement Red-Green (Шаблон:Lang-nl) led by Frank van de Wolde calling for more cooperation between the two parties and an eventual merger. This movement has tabled motions in multiple party member meetings of both the PvdA and GL that pushed the parties towards a deeper cooperation. A list of these motions can be found below, together with the other membership votes.

2021–2022 cabinet formation

During the 2021–2022 cabinet formation, Lilianne Ploumen (PvdA) and Jesse Klaver (GL) indicated that they only wanted to join a coalition government if the other party also joined, thereby forming an alliance in the negotiations. In August 2021, PvdA members passed multiple motions tabled by the Red-Green movement that forced the party to not enter government without GL and further steps to strengthen the cooperation. People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) leader Mark Rutte strongly opposed forming a coalition with both the PvdA and GL, and referred to the alliance as a 'left-wing cloud' (Шаблон:Lang-nl). Following their exclusion from the fourth Rutte cabinet, the Labour Party and GroenLinks decided to intensify co-operation as opposition parties.

Файл:PvdA congres 2023 (52672454686).jpg

GroenLinks leader Jesse Klaver (right) and lead candidate for the Senate Paul Rosenmöller (left), and Labour Party leader Attje Kuiken and lead candidate for the Senate Mei Li Vos (centre) in 2023

2023 provincial and Senate elections

The PvdA and GL participated in the 2023 provincial elections separately, but formed a joint list in Zeeland. After the 2023 Senate election, in which the members of the Senate were elected by the members of the provincial councils and electoral colleges, the two parties formed a joint group in the senate. With fourteen seats, the PvdA–GroenLinks group became the second-largest senate group behind the Farmer–Citizen Movement.

2023 general election

Шаблон:Main article Following the collapse of the fourth Rutte cabinet on 7 July 2023, PvdA leader Attje Kuiken and GroenLinks leader Jesse Klaver announced their intention to contest the 2023 Dutch general election, to be held on 22 November, with a joint electoral list and lead candidate. From 10 to 17 July 2023, both parties held an internal referendum on this proposal. Approximately 88% of PvdA members and 92% of GL members voted in favour of participating in the election with a joint GL/PvdA list.

Three days later, former foreign minister Frans Timmermans (PvdA) declared his intention to become lead candidate for the alliance. His candidacy was met with widespread approval from both parties. On 22 August 2023, during a joint GroenLinks–PvdA party meeting, Timmermans was confirmed as lead candidate with 92 percent of the vote. He resigned from his posts at the European Commission on the same day.

PvdA–GL finished the election with 25 seats and 15.75% of the vote, finishing second to the right-wing Party for Freedom (PVV) but ahead of the governing People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). The coalition hoped to form a government with New Social Contract and other, smaller parties like the Party for the Animals (PvdD). Timmermans ruled out forming a government with PVV and VVD, and admitted that it was "extremely unlikely" that PvdA-GL would be in cabinet.

Possible merger

There has been an ongoing discussion about a possible merger of the two parties into a single party. Proponents – including former Labour Party leaders Job Cohen and Diederik Samsom and Labour Party prominent and former health minister Hedy d'Ancona, and GroenLinks prominents Bram van Ojik, Andrée van Es and Bas de Gaay Fortman – have shown support for a merger by becoming a member of each other's party. They have also founded the activist group 'RedGreen' (Шаблон:Lang-nl) to advocate for the creation of a "strong, leftist movement" for "social, green and righteous politics". Opponents, on the other hand, have expressed concern for the "ideological dilution" and possible loss of electorate as a consequence of the parties' merger.

Internal referendums and motions

Votes among Labour Party members

Date	Decision	In favour	Against
28 August 2021	The party board should intensify the talks with other left-wing parties and organizations, and present the results to the party congress.	92.8%	8.2%
	The Labour Party should form a joint parliamentary group with GroenLinks during and after the government talks.	45.5%	54.5%
	The Labour Party should construct a joint negotiation team with GroenLinks in the government talks of 2021	90.3%	9.7%
	The Labour Party should investigate a merger of its parliamentary group with that of GroenLinks	76.8%	23.2%
	Declaration that in addition to cooperation with GroenLinks, there is no question of a merger, not even in the long term.	18.9%	81.1%
	The parliamentary group should not merge with other parties in a post-election phase.	16.5%	83.5%
	Substantial commitment together with the GroenLinks faction	91.0%	9.0%
11 June 2022	GroenLinks and Labour Party form a joint group in the Senate	77%	23%
	GroenLinks and Labour Party should, besides a joint group in the Senate, also run on a joint list in the Senate election of 2023	58%	42%
8 October 2022	GroenLinks and Labour Party should hold discussions with members about a possible joint political programme/manifesto	84.7%	15.3%
4 February 2023	Labour Party members are allowed to become a member of GroenLinks as well while keeping their Labour Party membership	76%	24%
	Joint campaign in the European Parliament elections of 2024 with the Labour Party and a joint electoral programme	87%	13%
	A referendum must be held among all members for the next general elections whether to run on a joint list with the Labour Party	83%	17%
10–17 July 2023	GroenLinks and the Labour Party should run on a joint list in the upcoming snap general elections	87.9%	12.1%

Votes among GroenLinks members

Date	Decision	In favour	Against
12 February 2022	Cooperation with PvdA on local level	38.3%	61.7%
	Learning from local cooperation	85.2%	14.8%
	Cooperation with left-wing parties more than just with PvdA	78.9%	21.1%
	Investigate a joint parliamentary group of GroenLinks and Labour Party	57.6%	42.4%
	Continue the cooperation between GroenLinks and Labour Party	69.7%	30.3%
4-11 June 2022	GroenLinks and Labour Party form a joint group in the Senate	80%	20%
4 February 2023	GroenLinks members are allowed to become a member of the Labour Party as well while keeping their GroenLinks membership	81.8%	18.2
	Joint campaign in the European Parliament elections of 2024 with the Labour Party and a joint electoral programme	77.9%	22.1%
	A referendum must be held among all members for the next general elections whether to run on a joint list with the Labour Party	83.1%	16.9%
10–17 July 2023	GroenLinks and the Labour Party should run on a joint list in the upcoming snap general elections	91.8%	8.2%

Electoral results

House of Representatives

Election	Lead candidate	Votes	%	Seats	+/–	Government
2023	Frans Timmermans	1,643,073	15.75 (#2)	Шаблон:Composition bar	Шаблон:Increase 8Шаблон:Efn	Шаблон:Partial

Provincial elections

Year	Provincial Council
	Province	Votes	%	Seats	+/−
2023	Zeeland	24,514	13.4	Шаблон:Composition bar	New

Local alliances

• Albrandswaard (GroenLinks–PvdA)
• Bergeijk (GroenLinks–PvdA)
• Bernheze (Progressief Bernheze)
• Best (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Blaricum (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Boxtel (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Bunnik (Perspectief 21)
• Buren (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• De Ronde Venen (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Dinkelland (Progressief Dinkelland)
• Eersel (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Etten-Leur (GroenLinks–PvdA)
• Goes (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Hattem (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Heusden (GroenLinks–PvdA)
• Koggenland (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Krimpenerwaard (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Land van Cuijk (GroenLinks–PvdA)
• Leiderdorp (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Leusden (GroenLinks–PvdA)
• Lisse (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Meierijstad (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Middelburg (GroenLinks–PvdA)
• Noord-Beveland (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Nuenen (GroenLinks–PvdA)

• Nunspeet (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Oegstgeest (Progressief Oegstgeest)
• Opmeer (Opmeer Progressief)
• Peel en Maas (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Pijnacker-Nootdorp (Progressief Pijnacker-Nootdorp)
• Ridderkerk (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Rijssen-Holten (SamenLokaal GroenLinks–PvdA)
• Roerdalen (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Son en Breugel (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Sint-Michielsgestel (GroenLinks–PvdA)
• Stede Broec (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Tholen (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Twenterand (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Tytsjerksteradiel (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Veere (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Veldhoven (GroenLinks–PvdA)
• Voorne aan Zee (GroenLinks–PvdA)
• Voorst (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Vught (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Waddinxveen (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Wijdemeren (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Woerden (Progressief Woerden)
• Woudenberg (PvdA–GroenLinks)
• Utrechtse Heuvelrug (OPEN)
• Zuidplas (PvdA–GroenLinks)

Dissolved local alliances

• Geldrop-Mierlo
• Reeuwijk
• Ubbergen

• Zaltbommel
• Zeewolde

See also

• Christian Union – Reformed Political Party
• Green Progressive Accord
• Rainbow (Netherlands)
• Red-Greens (Sweden)
• Labor-Meretz
• Шаблон:Ill