Английская Википедия:Groschen
Groschen (Шаблон:IPA-de; from Шаблон:Lang-la "thick", via Old Czech Шаблон:Lang) is the (sometimes colloquial) name for various coins, especially a silver coin used in parts of Europe such as France, some of the Italian states, England, various states of the Holy Roman Empire, among others. The word is borrowed from the late Latin description of a tornose, a Шаблон:Lang, in English the "thick denarius of Tours".[1] Groschen was frequently abbreviated in old documents to gl, whereby the second letter was not an l (12th letter of the alphabet), but an abbreviation symbol; later it was written as Gr or g.
Names and etymology
The name was introduced in 13th-century France as Шаблон:Lang, lit. "thick penny", whence Old French Шаблон:Lang, Italian Шаблон:Lang, Middle High German Шаблон:Lang, Low German and Dutch Шаблон:Lang and English groat. In the 14th century, it appeared as Old Czech Шаблон:Lang,[2] whence Modern German Шаблон:Lang.
Names in other modern European languages include:
- Шаблон:Lang-sq
- Church Slavonic-derived languages: Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian and Serbo-Croatian Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang), Belarusian and Ukrainian: Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang)
- Шаблон:Lang-nl
- Шаблон:Lang-et
- Шаблон:Lang-fr
- Шаблон:Lang-hu
- Шаблон:Lang-lt
- Шаблон:Lang-pl
- Шаблон:Lang-ro
- Шаблон:Lang-yi (Шаблон:Lang)
- Шаблон:Lang-tr
- Шаблон:Lang-ar
- Шаблон:Lang-am
- Шаблон:Lang-he
- Шаблон:Lang-el
- Шаблон:Lang-tr
The Arabic, Amharic, Hebrew, Greek and Turkish names for currency denominations in and around the territories formerly part of the Ottoman Empire derived from the same Italian origin.
History
Middle Ages
Names like groschen, grossus/grossi, grosso, grossone, grosz, gros, groš, groat, Groten, garas etc. were used in the Middle Ages for all thick silver coins, as opposed to thin silver coins such as Шаблон:Lang or pennies. Historically it was equal to between several and a dozen Шаблон:Lang.
In the German-speaking world, the groschen was usually worth 12 pfennigs; many regional (small) groschen e.g. Neugroschen, Groten (plural: Grote) in northern Germany, English: groat, Mariengroschen, Grösch(e)l were worth between 2½ and 10 pfennigs. The later Kreuzer, a coin worth 4 pfennigs arose from the linguistic abbreviation of the small Kreuzgroschen.
The groschen was first introduced into the Holy Roman Empire in 1271 by Duke Meinhard II of Tyrol in Merano. It was originally a solid coin of pure silver, larger than the denarius which was no longer valid. In essence, it took the place of a variety of the older pfennigs, whose silver purity had inflated their value over the centuries. According to one source, the city of Trier is said to have struck groschen-like, thick pfennigs as early as 1104, which were then followed in 1300 by the Bohemian groschen from Kuttenberg. The new coin soon inspired other 'mint lords' (Münzherren) and was given, not least for reasons of economic necessity, a higher face value in the Early Renaissance period. Upper Italian coins of multiple pfennig value in the High Middle Ages were similarly called Grossini (cf. also Schilling).
The 1286 Tyrolean example (above right) weighs Шаблон:Convert, it is marked with ME IN AR DVS and a Double Cross (obverse), and with DUX TIROL and the Eagle of Tyrol (reverse).
In 1328 Emperor Louis IV, the Bavarian, authorised Count Adolf VI of Berg to mint torneses in Wipperfürth. The oldest groschen in the area that is now modern Germany were minted there until 1346.
Following the example of the Tours Grossus, the Prague groschen or groš was minted in Kuttenberg and, around 1338/1339, the Meissen groschen in Freiburg's National Mint in the Margraviate of Meissen. Both coins gained national importance and had a strong influence on German coinage. Groschen valued at 12 pfennigs were common. The Polish groschen or grosz was worth only half as much – 6 pfennigs – and was commonly used in Silesia as a grosch(e)l or gresch(e)l worth just Шаблон:Fraction to 3 pfennigs.
The 'prince's groschen' (Fürstengroschen) set a record in terms of the devaluation of the Meissen groschen. When this groschen was introduced in March 1393, its value was 23 Шаблон:Fraction of a Rhenish guilder. In 1406, the devaluation of these coins reached its peak: 53 groschen were now equal to 1 Rhenish guilder.[3]
The groschen was minted during the Middle Ages in the following areas:
- Tirol (from 1271)
- England (from 1279, the groat)[4]
- Bohemia (from 1300, the Prague groschen, later adopted by most of the Central European countries)
- Poland (from 1367, the [[Kraków grosz|Cracow Шаблон:Lang]], Шаблон:Convert of silver, an equivalent of 12 denarii)
- Moldavia (from the reign of Petru I, 1375–1391)
- The type was also minted during various times in the Duchy of Luxembourg, such as the 22 millimetre Шаблон:Frac gros produced from 1418 to 1425 under John III the Pitiless, Duke of Bavaria, bearing slightly varying inscriptions of "IOAH DVX BAVAR Z FILIVS" on the obverse, and "MONE NOVA LUCE BURS" on the reverse.[5]
Early Modern period
Шаблон:Mehrere Bilder Шаблон:Mehrere Bilder
Later the tradition of Шаблон:Lang was dropped in most states while others continued to mint only coins smaller than the original coin. In Poland for example, from 1526 these included coins of Шаблон:Frac Шаблон:Lang, 1 Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Frac Шаблон:Lang, 2 Шаблон:Lang, 3 Шаблон:Lang, 4 Шаблон:Lang and 6 Шаблон:Lang. Their weight steadily dropped to Шаблон:Convert of silver and since 1752 they were replaced by copper coins of the same name.
In Germany, the name Шаблон:Lang (both singular and plural) replaced Шаблон:Lang as the common name for a 12 Шаблон:Lang coin. In the 18th century it was used predominantly in the northern states as a coin worth Шаблон:Frac of a Шаблон:Lang (equal to Шаблон:Frac of a Шаблон:Lang). In the 19th century, a new currency system was introduced in which the Шаблон:Lang, often under a new name to distinguish it from the old, was worth Шаблон:Frac of a Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang. This began in 1821 in Prussia, where the coin was called the Шаблон:Lang (Sgr) and was worth 12 pfennigs. Saxony followed in 1840 with the Шаблон:Lang (ngr), also Шаблон:Frac of a thaler, but subdivided in 10 (new) pfennigs.[6][7] Silesia and Bohemia introduced the white groschen (Weissgroschen) in 1821 at the same time as Prussia. Frederick William III of Prussia could not yet decide on the consistent introduction of the decimal system. In order to be able to distinguish his new pfennig' from the old ones, they were called Pfenninge.
The last German Kurantgroschen (regarding the simple face value) were issued in the Kingdom of Saxony in 1827 and 1828, and in the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1837 based on a monetary standard, the Konventionsfuß, of the state, according to which the silver contained in 320 groschen was equal to the weight of a Cologne Mark (233.856 grammes).
An exception in relation to the value of thaler coins is the series of 'butterfly coins' (Schmetterlingsmünzen) in the Electorate of Saxony. All these coins only show their value in groschen; the usual abbreviation for groschen used in the everyday correspondence being used for the denomination on the coins. Likewise, the abbreviation for groschen used in the written word was stamped on the Electoral Saxon golden Reichsgulden zu 21 Groschen of 1584. In this case, it was probably intended to express the fact that it is a coin of account (Rechnungsmünze). Another special case is the Kipperthaler, on which the value in groschen (or Kreuzer) is also stamped to circumvent the Imperial Minting Ordinance (Reichsmünzordnung). Also interesting are thalers, which were minted in denominations of 28 and 24 groschen without differences in design and size. For example, the 24 groschen Hosenbandtaler were also coins of account, which is sometimes not recognized.
Following German unification and decimalisation, with 100 pfennigs to the mark, the groschen was replaced by the 10 Шаблон:Lang coin and Шаблон:Lang remained a nickname for the 10 Шаблон:Lang coin until the introduction of the euro. For the same reason, the name Шаблон:Lang (sixer) remained in use regionally for the half-Шаблон:Lang coin, 5 Шаблон:Langs.
There is a Beethoven rondo for piano, opus 129 (1795) entitled "Шаблон:Lang" (literally "The Rage Over the Lost Groschen", but known as "Rage Over a Lost Penny").
Modern currencies
In recent times, the name was used by three currencies in circulation:
- In Poland, a Шаблон:Lang (plural: Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang, depending on the number) is a Шаблон:Frac part of a Шаблон:Lang
- In Austria, a Шаблон:Lang (plural: Шаблон:Lang) was a Шаблон:Frac part of a Шаблон:Lang (1924–38 and 1945–2001)
- In Turkey, a kuruş is a 1/100 part of lira.
Likewise, in Germany groschen remained a slang term for the 10 pfennig coin, thus a Шаблон:Frac part both of the (West German) Deutsche Mark and the East German mark. The word has lost popularity with the introduction of the euro, although it can still be heard on occasion, especially from older people.
The Ukrainian and Belarusian common word for money, Шаблон:Lang, derives from the word "grosh".
In Bulgaria, the Шаблон:Lang (Cyrillic: Шаблон:Lang) was used as a currency until the lev was introduced in the 19th century.
In Palestine during the British Mandate, a grush was a coin with a hole in it, valued at Шаблон:Frac part of a pound (ten mils). It was named after an Ottoman coin. When the pound was replaced by the lira after Israeli statehood in 1948, the name was transferred to a coin (no longer with a hole) worth Шаблон:Frac of a lira (ten perutot, later one agora). The name persisted for a while after the lira was replaced by the shekel in 1980 (one new agora, worth ten old agorot), but it gradually lost its standing as the name of a certain coin. Now it is slang for a very small value.[8]
Austria introduced the groschen in 1924 as the subdivision of the Шаблон:Lang. It was restored, along with the Шаблон:Lang, in 1945 and continued in use until the introduction of the euro in 2002.
See also
References
- ↑ Wolfgang Pfeifer: Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen. Akademie, Berlin 1989 and other editions, s. v. (online); Etymological Dictionary of the German Language. Revised by Elmar Seebold. 25th, reviewed and expanded edition. De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2011, s. v.; Arthur Suhle: Kulturgeschichte der Münzen. Battenberg, München 1969, p. 117. – According to another thesis by Arthur Suhle: Deutsche Münz- und Geldgeschichte von den Anfängen bis zum 15. Jahrhundert, Battenberg, Munich, 1964, p. 157 this description may refer to the double cross = crossus of the original coinage, which appeared on very many coins of this type until about 1500 und was then later replaced by the imperial apple with the number 24 until the 18th century.
- ↑ Groschen in the Grimm online dictionary
- ↑ Walther Haupt: Sächsische Münzkunde (1974), p. 67: 53 Groschen auf den rheinischen Gulden
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ http://numisbel.be/1866_11.pdf Шаблон:Bare URL PDF
- ↑ Heinz Fengler, Gerd Gierow, Willy Unger: transpress Lexikon Numismatik, Berlin 1976. In German.
- ↑ Paul Arnold, Harald Küthmann, Dirk Steinhilber: Großer deutscher Münzkatalog von 1800 bis heute, Augsburg 1997. In German.
- ↑ Philologos (pseudonym), "Money Hole", The Forward, November 28, 2003.
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