Английская Википедия:Guadalajara, Spain
Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Expand Spanish
Шаблон:Infobox settlement Guadalajara (Шаблон:IPAc-en, Шаблон:IPA-es)[1] is a city and municipality in Spain, located in the autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha. It is the capital of the Province of Guadalajara.
Lying on the central part of the Iberian Peninsula at roughly Шаблон:Convert metres above sea level, the city straddles the Henares River. Шаблон:As of it has a population of 86,222 which makes it the region's second most populated municipality.
History
Alleged identification with Arriaca
A Roman town called Arriaca, possibly founded by a pre-Roman culture, is suggested to have been located in that region. There is however no archeological proof of its existence, only references in texts such as the Ruta Antonina, which describe it as being in the hands of the Carpetani[2] when encountered by the Romans. The city, as Caracca,[3] was incorporated into the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis. The city was on the high road from Emerita (modern Mérida) to Caesaraugusta (modern Zaragoza), 22 M. P. northeast of Complutum (modern Alcalá de Henares).Шаблон:Cn
Early Middle Ages
The founding of Guadalajara, dating from the Islamic period, is attributed to a person named "Faraŷ".Шаблон:Refn It was officially known as Madīnat al-Faraŷ in the 9th and 10th centuries.Шаблон:Sfn The town was later known as Wādī Al-Ḥijāra (Шаблон:Lang-ar), possibly meaning "Valley of Stones" (as in river gravel);Шаблон:Sfn in theory it may be a literal translation of the Iberian name Arriaca.Шаблон:Sfn It has also been also proposed that Ḥajāra should not be understood as 'stones'/'gravel', but in the sense of 'castles' or 'fortified rocks'.Шаблон:Sfn
Wādī Al-Ḥijāra and its surroundings were part of the Middle March of Al-Andalus, controlled by the Masmuda Berber clan of the Banū Sālim who governed on behalf of the Umayyad rulers of Córdoba.Шаблон:Sfn During the Muslim period an Alcázar (fortress) was built by the mid-9th century,Шаблон:Sfn as well as the Bridge over the Henares (its construction has been tentatively dated by the late 10th century or early 11th century).Шаблон:Sfn Walls enclosing the city were also built by then.Шаблон:Sfn In 920, the Banū Sālim were routed from Wādī Al-Ḥijāra (reportedly because the local population resented their rule) by Abd al-Rahman III, who attempted to directly rule the territory.[4]
The city was part of the territory annexed by Alfonso VI of León-Castile in the 1085 conquest of the Taifa of Toledo, with Wādī Al-Ḥijāra surrendering and offering no resistance.Шаблон:Sfn Tradition claims however that a contingent led by Álvar Fáñez de Minaya (one of the lieutenants of El Cid) seized the city on 24 June, at night.Шаблон:Sfn
The area was repopulated with people from the North (Castilians from the mountains and Merindades, Basques and Navarreses mainly).Шаблон:Citation needed
Alfonso VII granted Guadalajara its first fuero on 3 May 1133.Шаблон:Sfn This charter progressively incorporated several amendments.Шаблон:Sfn The second fuero, probably conceived during the reign of Alfonso VIII, was anyway confirmed by Ferdinand III on 26 May 1219 and 13 April 1251.Шаблон:Sfn
For most of its history, up until the 20th century, Guadalajara's water supply came from two sources: the Henares river and the springs located along the cornice formed by the border of the limestone moors of La Alcarria.Шаблон:Sfn Control over the scarce water resources was fought over and it became a symbol of social status for the local nobility during the Late Middle Ages.Шаблон:Sfn
During the reign of Alfonso X of Castile, the protection of the king allowed the city to develop its economy by protecting merchants and allowing markets.Шаблон:Cn
Rule of the Mendozas
Traditionally a Шаблон:Ill ('royal demesne') town, with a vote in the Cortes of Castile, the town became under the influence of the powerful Mendoza family until well into the Early Modern period.Шаблон:Sfn Despite the former meddling that underpinned the political control of the city, Guadalajara was not enshrined as formal seigneurial jurisdiction of the Mendozas in a legal sense.Шаблон:Sfn The family included Íñigo López de Mendoza, also known as Marqués de Santillana (1398–1458), and Pedro González de Mendoza (1428–1495), Great Cardinal of Spain and adviser of the Catholic Monarchs.Шаблон:Cn
The Mendoza family held the title of Dukes and Duchesses of El Infantado from 1475. On 25 March 1460, Henry IV granted Guadalajara the status of 'City'.[5] In this period, the Mendoza Family ordered the building of El Palacio del Infantado as their main residence. It was completed in the early 1480s and it is considered by many the oldest surviving building built in a pure Renaissance style outside Italy.Шаблон:Cn
The city's economy prospered thanks to the development of a specialised artisanate and a bustling trade.Шаблон:Sfn
In the early 16th century, the city was one of the main focal points of the iluminismo (or alumbrados) in the Kingdom of Toledo,Шаблон:Sfn linked to heterodox religious figures such as Isabel de la Cruz and María de Cazalla.
In the context of the Revolt of the Comuneros across the Crown of Castile, the comunero rebels in Guadalajara, as early as 5 June 1520, asked the Duke of the Infantado, Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, to join the anti-imperial revolt.[6] The demonstrators lit the houses of the procurators who went to the Cortes of La Coruña to vote in favour of the taxes and obligations levied by Emperor Charles V.[6] The Duke of Infantado played a cautious waiting game to see which side would win, finally choosing to endorse the Emperor in 1521. He ordered the beheading of the local leaders of the insurgency and the deportation of his own son and successor Íñigo López de Mendoza, who had leaned towards the comunero cause.[6]
By 1591, the city had a population of 6,754.Шаблон:Sfn
Crisis
The Crisis of the 17th century took a heavy toll in many Castilian cities, and particularly in Guadalajara.Шаблон:Sfn The city was affected by the 1610 expulsion of the moriscos both in terms of the net demographic loss (10% of the population) as well as by their critical weight in key sectors of the local economy such as the artisanate and trade.Шаблон:Sfn Many palaces were left forsaken.Шаблон:Sfn The Mendozas left the city for good in 1657.Шаблон:Sfn
During the War of the Spanish Succession, in the early 18th century, Guadalajara was sacked. Ravaged by the Austracist army, a largely ruined Guadalajara hit then its lowest demographic point, with only around 2,200 inhabitants.Шаблон:Sfn Without external assistance the city may have simply ceased to exist.Шаблон:Sfn The 20,000,000 maravedies indebted to the Royal Treasury were forgiven in 1716.Шаблон:Sfn Philip V ordered the establishment of the Real Fábrica de Paños (Royal Factory of Clothes), which was opened in the city in 1719 in the Palacio del Marqués de Montesclaros,Шаблон:Sfn critically helping the city to move on from the calamitous situation it found itself.Шаблон:Sfn
Contemporary times
The 19th century started with two major setbacks: the damages caused by the Peninsular War (1808–1814) and the closing of the Real Fábrica de Paños in 1822. In 1808, Guadalajara was taken by the French Army led by General Hugo and the city was destroyed. During the war, the 14 convents in the city were abandoned and turned into barracks, paving the way for the future processes of desamortización, most decisively in between 1833 and 1843.Шаблон:Sfn
The desamortización entailed the change of use of religious buildings (turned to hospitals, high schools, military workshops),Шаблон:Sfn the demolition of some convents to widen street space and to erect new residential areas,Шаблон:Sfn and the reduction of the share of church properties in the estate structure.Шаблон:Sfn
Both the declaration of Guadalajara as provincial capital and the parallel installment of the Academy of Military Engineers in the city in 1833, fostered some slow growth.Шаблон:Sfn
Railway transport arrived to the city with the opening of the Madrid–Guadalajara stretch of the Madrid–Zaragoza line (built by the Шаблон:Ill, MZA) on 3 May 1859.[7] Conversely, the Guadalajara–Jadraque stretch to the northeast was opened on 5 October 1860.[7]
The municipality had a population of 12,662 in 1900, the most populated municipality in the province, followed by Sigüenza (10,581).[8] The 20th century saw the construction of the current water supply system bringing the waters of the Sorbe to the city.Шаблон:Sfn
On 21 July 1936, following the general coup d'état of 18 July that sparked the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), the conspiring officers in the city (joined by the forces of public order and some civilians, amounting to an overall force of roughly 800) raised in arms, seizing control of the city.Шаблон:Sfn The next day, the Republican Government in Madrid sent Ildefonso Puigdendolas to quell the rebellion and secure the city.Шаблон:Sfn The rebels were pushed in retreat to the Cuartel de Aerostación, where they surrendered.Шаблон:Sfn The militias executed roughly one hundred of them.Шаблон:Sfn
The city was the target of several aerial bombing attacks by the Francoist faction throughout the conflict;Шаблон:Sfn the most known one, in December 1936, affected the Palacio del Infantado.Шаблон:Sfn
On 8 March 1937, the four divisions of the Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie (CTV), attacked Republican positions Шаблон:Convert outside Guadalajara as a supporting diversionary attack supporting the Nationalist Jarama Offensive launched at the beginning of February. After four days of slow, cautious advance during rainy weather, the tanks started attacking down substantial hard paved roads and outran their air and anti-aircraft artillery support. Shortly thereafter, Republican aviation assets airborne in newly cleared skies found the tanks and infantry in a traffic jam on the main road heading into Guadalajara.[9] The Republican aircraft proceeded to attack and destroy all the vehicles in the mechanized spearhead. The CTV was thrown back with casualties in the thousands. Ernest Hemingway and other war correspondents labeled the attack, "Italian débâcle at Guadalajara." Republican forces enjoyed an increase in recruitment as a result of the victory.Шаблон:Cn
This defeat at Guadalajara had two long-standing effects. First, the Italian Army of the Mussolini dictatorship acquired a reputation for incompetence that never left it before the armistice of 1943. Second, some observing nations adopted an armored doctrine that ruled out tanks operating as an independent force, but emphasized tying them tightly to large infantry formations.[10]
The Civil War and the heavy fighting around the city caused significant damage. After two decades of slow rebuilding, Guadalajara was included in 1959 in the development plans addressing the congestion of Madrid's industrial estates (El Plan de Descongestión Industrial de Madrid en Castilla-La Mancha). These plans attempted to move industrial and accompanying residential growth to the periphery, resulting in increased industry presence in Guadalajara. Since then, Guadalajara has been one of the cities in Spain with greatest relative growth.Шаблон:Cn
Guadalajara absorbed the municipalities of Taracena, Valdenoches and Iriépal in 1969, Marchamalo in 1972 and Usanos in 1973.[11][12] Later, in 1999, Marchamalo segregated from Guadalajara, becoming a standalone municipality again.[13]
Nowadays, Guadalajara is involved in urban development plans that are quickly increasing the population of the city. New districts like Aguas Vivas (Live Waters) have Шаблон:When been inaugurated.Шаблон:Citation needed
Ciudad Valdeluz was planned to increase the number of inhabitants of Guadalajara by 30,000, creating a new city around the AVE Station (Spanish High-Speed Trains). The company investing in the construction of Ciudad Valdeluz went bankrupt. Fewer than 500 inhabitants decided to occupy their flats and the remaining infrastructure is slow degrading. The AVE trains are used by only 60 passengers a day.[14]
Geography
Location
Guadalajara is located in the central part of the Iberian Peninsula, in the southern half of the Inner Plateau.Шаблон:Cn
Chosen as settlement on the basis of defensive purposes, the historic urban core of the city lies on a small elevation near the left-bank of the Henares River, also enclosed to the East and West by two small ditches corresponding to two watercourses, Шаблон:Ill and San Antonio, respectively, forming a narrow and easily defendable space upon their confluence with the Henares.Шаблон:Sfn
The municipality spans across a total area of 235.49 km2.[15]
Climate
Guadalajara enjoys a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa) with continental influences for being well inland at 700 meters above sea level. Summers are hot with relatively cool nights, while winters are cool with cold nights. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Guadalajara is Шаблон:Convert on 12 January 2009. The highest temperature ever recorded is Шаблон:Convert on 10 August 2012.[16]
Politics and administration
Guadalajara is a municipality, the basic level of local division in Spain. The Ayuntamiento is the body charged with the municipal government and administration. The Plenary of the ayuntamiento is formed by 25 elected municipal councillors,[17] who in turn invest the mayor. The last municipal election took place on 26 May 2019. Since June 2019, the current mayor is Alberto Rojo Blas (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party).[18]
Demographics
Urban area
The 2020 report on urban areas in Spain published by the Ministry of Transports, Mobility and Urban Agenda identifies an urban area formed by the municipality of Guadalajara together with the neighbouring municipalities of Azuqueca de Henares, Alovera, Cabanillas del Campo, Marchamalo, Villanueva de la Torre and Chiloeches, with a population of 161,683 (2019).[19]
Architecture
- City proper
The bridge across the Henares river is Arab but built on Roman foundations. It has several historic buildings such as the Palacio del Infantado, as well as many churches, such as the church of San Ginés. Although Guadalajara is the biggest city in its diocese, the cathedral is located in the nearby town of Sigüenza. However, in Guadalajara, there is a "co-cathedral", the church of Saint Mary, in Mudejar style. Very close to this church, is placed the chapel known as "Capilla de Luis de Lucena", which has several fresco paintings on its walls and ceiling. The Church of los Remedios was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1924, and currently serves as the auditorium of the University of Alcalá. The Church of la Piedad was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1931.Шаблон:Cn
Before the Civil War, Guadalajara was also known to be among the cities with most number of antique azulejos in the Iberian Peninsula housed in their buildings,Шаблон:Citation needed since the city housed the largest collection of azulejos from Talavera de la Reina pottery;Шаблон:Citation needed now almost all of those azulejos are lost.Шаблон:Citation needed
- Pedanías
The small villages (pedanías) of Iriépal, Taracena, Usanos, and Valdenoches that belong to the municipality feature few monumental landmarks other than their humble rural churches. Thus, in Iriépal there is the Concepción church, constructed in the 16th century, which is known for its Mudéjar tower. In Taracena there is the 17th century Church of the Immaculate, in a very simple Renaissance style. In Usanos, there is the 13th-century Romanesque church of the Assumption, considerably remodeled in later periods and which features a crenelated tower.
Other types of monuments that are also noteworthy are the Iriépal laundry, work of 1910 in historicist style with funding from the Jose Santa María de Hita Foundation, and Iriépal (1858) and Valdenoches (1656) funds.
Throughout all the villages there are examples of Castilian mansions, quite modest compared to those in the cities. Of note also is Villaflores, a farming village built in 1887, designed by Ricardo Velázquez Bosco and commissioned to Maria Diega Desmaissières.
Transport
Guadalajara is served by two railway stations:
- Guadalajara railway station, located in the city centre and part of the classical railway lines, e.g., connecting Chamartín to Portbou/Cerbère.
- Guadalajara–Yebes railway station, located Шаблон:Convert at the South-East of Guadalajara, on the Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line.
Sports
The local men's football team, CD Guadalajara, currently play at the Tercera División, the fourth tier of the Spanish football system. Their home pitch is the Pedro Escartín. The BM Guadalajara play at the ASOBAL league, the top tier of the men's handball system in Spain. Their home fixtures are played at the Palacio Multiusos de Guadalajara. Guadalajara was one of the host cities of the 2013 World Men's Handball Championship.[20]
International relations
- Twin towns and sister cities
Шаблон:See also Guadalajara is twinned with:[21][22]
- Livorno, Italy (since 1979)
- Roanne, France (since 1980)
- Parma, Italy (since 1982)
- Guadalajara, Mexico (since 1982)
- Nitra, Slovakia (since 1988)
- Nuneaton, United Kingdom (since 1990)
- Guadalajara de Buga, Colombia (since 1996)
- Other city partnerships
Notable people
Distinguished people from or related to the town were:
- Álvar Fáñez de Minaya (fl. 1076–1114), alleged Christian conqueror of Guadalajara, represented on the city's coat of arms.
- Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán (c. 1490–1558), founder of Guadalajara, Mexico
- Isabel Muñoz-Caravaca (1838–1915), teacher, writer and labour activist.
- Шаблон:Ill (1852–1889), pharmacist, linguist and botanist.
- Шаблон:Ill (1852–1916), Countess of Vega del Pozo and Duchess of Sevillano.
- Jose de Creeft (1884–1982), famous sculptor born in Guadalajara.
- José Ortiz-Echagüe (1886–1980), military engineer and photographer, honorary lifetime president of SEAT and founder of CASA.
- Antonio Buero Vallejo (1916–2000), 20th-century writer.
See also
References
- Informational notes
- Citations
- Bibliography
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
External links
Шаблон:Municipalities in Guadalajara Шаблон:Capitals of Provinces in Spain
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Antonine Itinerary pp. 436, 438.
- ↑ Greek: Шаблон:Lang, Ptol. ii. 6. § 57; Geog. Rav. iv. 44) or Caraca (Friedrich August Ukert, i. 2. p. 429.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Airpower: Theory and Practice, John Gooch, Psychology Press, 1995, Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Forging the Thunderbolt: History of the U.S. Army's Armored Force, 1917–45, Mildred Hanson Gillie/Jacob L. Devers, 1947, Шаблон:ISBN Forging the Thunderbolt: History of the U.S. Army's Armored Force, 1917–45, Mildred Hanson Gillie/Jacob L. Devers, 1947, Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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