Английская Википедия:Guanzhong dialect
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language
The Guanzhong dialect (Шаблон:Lang-zh) is a dialect of Central Plains Mandarin spoken in Shaanxi's Guanzhong region, including the prefecture-level capital city of Xi'an.Шаблон:Sfn Since the speech of Xi'an is considered the prototypical Guanzhong speech, the Guanzhong dialect is sometimes referred to as Xi'anese (Шаблон:Zh or Шаблон:Zh).
The varieties spoken in northern and southern Shaanxi differ from that of Guanzhong, such as that of Hanzhong, which is a Southwestern Mandarin lect, more closely related to Sichuanese.[1]
In general, the Guanzhong dialect can be classified into two sub-dialects: the Xifu dialect (Шаблон:Zh), or the 'dialect of the western prefectures', which is spoken in the west of Xi'an, in Baoji of Shaanxi Province; Tianshui, Qingyang, Pingliang, Longnan of Gansu Province; and south of Guyuan of Ningxia Province, and the Dongfu dialect (Шаблон:Zh), or the 'dialect of the eastern prefectures', spoken in Xi'an, Weinan, Tongchuan, Xianyang and Shangluo of Shaanxi Province.Шаблон:Cn
Due to the prevalence of Standard Mandarin in urban areas such as Xi'an, the younger generations tend to speak Standard Mandarin or Guanzhong-accented Standard Mandarin. Due to the lexical and grammatical similarities between Northern Mandarin varieties, attrition of these dialects is more serious.Шаблон:Cn Authorities have moved in to document the local dialects to preserve them.[2][3]Шаблон:Rp
Although Xi'an was established by the 11th century BCE,[4] the modern Mandarin dialect spoken likely has very little relation to Zhou, Qin, or Han Dynasty speech, as Old Mandarin originated in the Yuan Dynasty.[5] A recorded 73.5% of young people in Xi'an city can proficiently utilise the dialect.[6] The remainder of this article describes the urban variety of Xi'an.
Phonology
Note: The following is a description of the lect of urban Xi'an, and should not be used as a generalization of all of Guanzhong.
Like other Mandarin dialects, Xi'anese is tonal has a strict CGVN syllable structure. The following is an outline of phonemes as seen in the speech of younger speakers, with romanization adapted from Hanyu Pinyin.[7]
Initials
Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Alveolo-palatal | Velar | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | Шаблон:IPA link ⟨m⟩ | Шаблон:IPA link ⟨n⟩ | Шаблон:IPA link ⟨ng⟩ | |||
Plosive | Aspirated | Шаблон:IPA link ⟨p⟩ | Шаблон:IPA link ⟨t⟩ | Шаблон:IPA link ⟨k⟩ | ||
Unaspirated | Шаблон:IPA link ⟨b⟩ | Шаблон:IPA link ⟨d⟩ | Шаблон:IPA link ⟨g⟩ | |||
Affricate | Aspirated | Шаблон:IPA link ⟨c⟩ | Шаблон:IPA link ⟨ch⟩ | Шаблон:IPA link ⟨q⟩ | ||
Unaspirated | Шаблон:IPA link ⟨z⟩ | Шаблон:IPA link ⟨zh⟩ | Шаблон:IPA link ⟨j⟩ | |||
Fricative | Voiceless | Шаблон:IPA link ⟨f⟩ | Шаблон:IPA link ⟨s⟩ | Шаблон:IPA link ⟨sh⟩ | Шаблон:IPA link ⟨x⟩ | Шаблон:IPA link ⟨h⟩ |
Voiced | Шаблон:IPA link ⟨v⟩ | Шаблон:IPA link ⟨r⟩ |
Older speakers may also have a pair of labiodental affricates Шаблон:IPA.
Finals
Glide / Nucleus | ∅ | ɑ | ɛ | ɤ | o | ei | ɑu | ou | ẽ | æ̃ | əŋ | ɑŋ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
∅ | ɿ ⟨i⟩ | ʅ ⟨i⟩ | ɑ ⟨a⟩ | ɛ ⟨ai⟩ | ɤ ⟨e⟩ | o ⟨o⟩ | ei ⟨ei⟩ | ɑu ⟨au⟩ | ou ⟨ou⟩ | ẽ ⟨en⟩ | æ̃ ⟨an⟩ | əŋ ⟨eng⟩ | ɑŋ ⟨ang⟩ |
i | i ⟨i⟩ | iɑ ⟨ia⟩ | iɛ ⟨ie⟩ | iɑu ⟨iao⟩ | iou ⟨iu⟩ | iẽ ⟨in⟩ | iæ̃ ⟨ian⟩ | iŋ ⟨ing⟩ | iɑŋ ⟨iang⟩ | ||||
u | u ⟨u⟩ | uɑ ⟨ua⟩ | uɛ ⟨uai⟩ | uo ⟨uo⟩ | uei ⟨ui⟩ | uẽ ⟨un⟩ | uæ̃ ⟨uan⟩ | uŋ ⟨ung⟩ | uɑŋ ⟨uang⟩ | ||||
y | y ⟨ü⟩ | yɛ ⟨üe⟩ | yo ⟨üo⟩ | yẽ ⟨ün⟩ | yæ̃ ⟨üan⟩ | yŋ ⟨üng⟩ |
Some older speakers may have an irregular Шаблон:IPA rime for some words with the Шаблон:IPA (e) final.
Erhua
Erhua in Xi'an's local variety is rhotic. All rimes have the potential to undergo erhua aside from er and Шаблон:IPA. Note that, as per Sinological IPA, Шаблон:IPA refers to an approximant Шаблон:IPA.[3][4]
Plain rime | Erhua rime |
---|---|
i (Шаблон:IPA), ei, en, eng | Шаблон:IPA |
i (Шаблон:IPA), in, ing | Шаблон:IPA |
u, ui, uen, ung | Шаблон:IPA |
ü, üen, üng | Шаблон:IPA |
a, ai, an, ang | Шаблон:IPA |
ia, ian, iang | Шаблон:IPA |
uo, uai, uan, uang | Шаблон:IPA |
üan | Шаблон:IPA |
ie | Шаблон:IPA |
üe | Шаблон:IPA |
e | Шаблон:IPA |
o | Шаблон:IPA |
uo | Шаблон:IPA |
üo | Шаблон:IPA |
au | Шаблон:IPA |
iau | Шаблон:IPA |
ou | Шаблон:IPA |
iu | Шаблон:IPA |
Tones
The speech of Xi'an has four tones and one neutral tone. It also has tone sandhi system.[4] [3]
Traditional name | Tone value | Diacritic |
---|---|---|
Dark level | 21 /˨˩/ | caron (ǎ) |
Light level | 24 /˨˦/ | acute (á) |
Rising | 53 /˥˧/ | grave (à) |
Departing | 44 /˦/ | macron (ā) |
Like many other Northern Mandarin varieties, the variety lacks a checked tone, and instead distributes it regularly in its other tone categories.
Right-prominent sandhi
Two syllables with dark level tones spoken in succession results in the prior's tone mutating into 24 /˨˦/.
Term | Pinyin | IPA | Gloss |
---|---|---|---|
Шаблон:Zhi | kěhuǎ → kéhuǎ | Шаблон:IPA | 'to blossom' |
Шаблон:Zhi | dǒngběi → dóngběi | Шаблон:IPA | 'northeast' |
Two syllables with rising tones spoken in succession or a rising tone followed by a neutral tone results in the prior's tone mutating into 21 /˨˩/.
Term | Pinyin | IPA | Gloss |
---|---|---|---|
Шаблон:Zhi | shòubiào → shǒubiào | Шаблон:IPA | 'wristwatch' |
Шаблон:Zhi | bàoxiàn → bǎoxiàn | Шаблон:IPA | 'insurance' |
Шаблон:Zhi | làohu → lǎohu | Шаблон:IPA | 'tiger' |
Erhua sandhi
A departing tone that has an erhua suffix is realised as 53 /˥˧/.
Term | Pinyin | IPA | Gloss |
---|---|---|---|
Шаблон:Zhi | jīngr → jìngr | Шаблон:IPA | 'mirror' |
Шаблон:Zhi | yǐpānr → yǐpànr | Шаблон:IPA | 'half' |
Certain tones, in syllables that are reduplicated and with erhua applied, undergo sandhi on the second syllable. The dark level and rising tones both is realised as 24 /˨˦/ and the departing tone becomes 53 /˥˧/.
Term | Pinyin | IPA | Gloss |
---|---|---|---|
Шаблон:Zhi | qǐngqǐngr → qǐngqíngr | Шаблон:IPA | 'light' |
Шаблон:Zhi | duànduànr → duànduánr | Шаблон:IPA | 'short' |
Шаблон:Zhi | dādār → dādàr | Шаблон:IPA | 'large' |
Internal differences
Note: The following is a description of the lect of urban Xi'an, and is largely irrelevant to other lect areas.
The speech in all districts of Xi'an except for Yanliang is often considered part of Xi'an's urban variety. This lect, like other Sinitic languages, shows differences between urban and suburban dialects. Generational differences are also present.[4]
Regional differences
The varieties in suburban parts of Xi'an have certain phonological differences to that of the urban center.[4]
The urban alveolar plosives Шаблон:IPA, when followed by Шаблон:IPA, palatalize in some parts of Baqiao District.
Urban | Dizhai Subdistrict | Gloss | |
---|---|---|---|
Шаблон:Zhi | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | 'to take' |
Шаблон:Zhi | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | 'ground' |
In Dizhai, the labiodental affricates Шаблон:IPA are realised as Шаблон:IPA.
Urban (Old) | Dizhai Subdistrict | Gloss | |
---|---|---|---|
Шаблон:Zhi | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | 'pig' |
Шаблон:Zhi | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | 'to go out' |
In many parts of suburban Xi'an, the Шаблон:IPA vowel breaks into Шаблон:IPA after labiodental fricatives Шаблон:IPA.
Generational differences
The speech of the youth shows clear influence from Standard Mandarin. The two most noticeable differences are as follows:[4]
Young people's speech merges the labiodental Шаблон:IPA initials with the retroflex Шаблон:IPA series in certain situations.
Old | New | Beijing | Gloss | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Шаблон:Zhi | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | zhū | 'pig' |
Шаблон:Zhi | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | chuān | 'to wear' |
Шаблон:Zhi | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | shū | 'book' |
Шаблон:Zhi | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | ruǎn | 'soft' |
Young people's speech breaks the Шаблон:IPA vowel after labiodental fricatives Шаблон:IPA.
Old | New | Beijing | Gloss | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Шаблон:Zhi | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | féi | 'fat' |
Шаблон:Zhi | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | wèi | 'flavor' |
Religious differences
The Muslim Hui people differ from the speech of the Han Chinese primarily in terms of vocabulary. These differences can be seen in, for instance, familial terms and terminology from the Qur'an.[4]
See also
Citations
References
Шаблон:Refend Шаблон:Sino-Tibetan languages Шаблон:Chinese language