Английская Википедия:Guatemalan Spanish
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language Шаблон:Spanish language Guatemalan Spanish (Шаблон:Lang-es) is the national variant of Spanish spoken in the Central American country of Guatemala. While 93% of Guatemalans in total speak Spanish,[1] it is the native language of only 69% of the population due to the prevalence of languages in the indigenous Mayan and Arawakan families.[2] Guatemalans typically use the second-person singular personal pronoun Шаблон:Lang alongside the standard Spanish second-person singular pronouns Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang to form a three-level system of second-person singular address.Шаблон:Sfn
Phonetics and phonology
- The presence of seseo wherein there is no distinction between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA. Seseo is common to all of Latin American Spanish, and the Andalusian and Canarian Spanish varieties in Spain.
- Шаблон:IPA is realized as glottal Шаблон:IPAblink.[3][4]
- Syllable-final Шаблон:IPA is only occasionally aspirated, and only when before consonants or a pause. It's weakened less often than in any other Central American dialect.[5]
- Word-final Шаблон:IPA is pronounced velar Шаблон:IPA.[3][4]
- As Guatemala was part of the First Mexican Empire, the Guatemalan dialect adopted the voiceless alveolar affricate Шаблон:IPA and the cluster Шаблон:IPA (originally Шаблон:IPA) represented by the respective digraphs Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr in loanwords of Nahuatl origin, quetzal and tlapalería Шаблон:IPA ('hardware store'). Even words of Greek and Latin origin with Шаблон:Angbr, such as Шаблон:Wiktes and Шаблон:Wiktes, are pronounced with Шаблон:IPA: Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA (compare Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA in Spain and other dialects in Hispanic America).[6]
- The alveolar trill Шаблон:IPA is often assibilated to a fricative Шаблон:IPAblink. Syllable-final Шаблон:IPA may also be assibilated, often sounding somewhat like Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA, although this is less common among younger and urban speakers. In central Guatemala, Шаблон:IPA is often pronounced as an affricate, almost like English Шаблон:IPAblink. This is more common after consonants as in Шаблон:Lang 'between'. This feature is not as frequent in Guatemala as in Costa Rica or the Andes and is less common among younger and urban speakers.[5]
Grammar
Guatemalan Spanish uses Шаблон:Lang, alongside Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang as second-person singular pronouns.
In Guatemala and El Salvador, indefinite articles are commonly placed before a possessive pronoun, as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Literal translation. Very rarely a demonstrative can go before the possessive pronoun, like Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Literal translation. This construction was occasional in Old Spanish and is still found in Judaeo-Spanish, but its prevalence in Guatemalan and even Salvadoran Spanish is due to similar constructions appearing in several Mayan languages.Шаблон:Sfn
Vocabulary
A number of words are widely used in Guatemala which have Mayan or other native origins such as names for flora, fauna and toponyms. Some of these words are used in most, or all, Spanish-speaking countries, such as chocolate and aguacate ("avocado"). However, some words are only used in Mexico and most Central American countries. The latter include guajolote "turkey" < Nahuatl huaxōlōtl Шаблон:IPA-nah (although chompipe can be used; pavo is also used as in other Spanish-speaking countries); papalote "kite" < Nahuatl pāpālōtl Шаблон:IPA-nah "butterfly"; and jitomate "tomato" < Nahuatl xītomatl Шаблон:IPA-nah. For a more complete list see List of Spanish words of Nahuatl origin. Local words include:
There are also many words unique to Central America, for example, chunche or chochadas or babosadas means "thing" or "stuff" in some places.Шаблон:Citation needed The words used to describe children (or kids) vary among the countries in Central America; in Guatemala, they are often called patojos. In the eastern departments especially Jutiapa, cipotes is used to refer to children; meanwhile, in the western and northern departments, chamacos is used. In Guatemala, Nicaragua and Honduras, the word güiros is also used.Шаблон:Citation needed In Guatemala as well as Honduras, Nicaragua, and El Salvador, people with money are said to have pisto, a term originally used by Maya peoples in Guatemala.[7]
See also
Notes
References
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
Шаблон:Languages of Guatemala Шаблон:Guatemala topics Шаблон:Spanish variants by continent
