Английская Википедия:Gui Youguang

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Файл:Gui Youguang.jpg

Gui Youguang

Gui Youguang (Шаблон:Zh; 1507–1571) was a Chinese writer of Ming Dynasty. His courtesy name was Xifu (Шаблон:Lang) and his art name was Zhenchuan (Шаблон:Lang), and he was also known as Xiangji Sheng (Шаблон:Lang, literally Scholar of Xiangji).Шаблон:Sfn

His prose writings were highly praised. People of his time regarded him as a modern-day Ouyang Xiu, an important writer of the earlier Song Dynasty, and later generations praised his works as "the best prose of the Ming Dynasty". He was one of the early masters of the xiaopin.

Names and titles

Youguang

When Gui's mother conceived him, it was said that there was a rainbow glowed in the yard, while its light reached the sky, which was deemed lucky. Accordingly, he was gave the name "Youguang", literally "There was a light" in Chinese.

Zhenchuan

Gui detested art names when he was young. Once he was notice as an exception without one at a party, thus the others began to call him "Zhenchuan". It is a compound of two geographical nouns: "zhen" refers to "Zhenze" (Шаблон:Lang), the ancient name of Lake Tai which adjoins his hometown, while "chuan" is a synonym for river in Chinese, refers to the Yangtze River sometimes. However, Gui still rejected that until he met He Qitu (Шаблон:Lang), an erudite scholar from Henan who happened to share the same art name with him. Gui took "Zhenchuan" out of admiration for He, he also made an analogy between them and Sima Xiangru together with Lin Xiangru.Шаблон:Sfn

Xiangji Sheng

Gui's ancestors once lived along a river call Xiangjijing (Шаблон:Lang) in Taicang during Yuan dynasty, later he designate his sanctum as Xiangjixuan (Шаблон:Lang) to commemorate them probably. Hence, Gui called himself Xiangji Sheng.Шаблон:Sfn While "Xiangji" is supposed to be the abbreviation of "Xiangjixuan".

Biography

Gui Youguang was born in Kunshan, Suzhou Prefecture, a satellite city in south-east Jiangsu Province nowadays. His family had been a large, important family in the past, but by Gui Youguang's time, their influence were starting to decline.Шаблон:Sfnp When he was only seven years old, his mother died,Шаблон:Sfn leaving her husband to support their three sons and two daughters.Шаблон:Sfn After that, his family lived a much harder life; Gui learned about suffering and sorrow at a very early age.Шаблон:Citation needed Because of his cleverness and hard work, Gui was able to write relatively good articles when he was only nine years old.Шаблон:Citation needed At the age of ten, he wrote an article of several thousand words, called Qi xi (Шаблон:Lang) [On Begging Vinegar].Шаблон:Sfn At the age of 14, Gui was qualified to take prefecture examination, and took the exam when he was 20 years old.

Gui finally passed the provincial examinations, and became a Juren ranked second at age 35, in 1540. In the meantime, his first wife, who came from Wei (Шаблон:Lang) clan, died. Then he married a woman who came from Wang (Шаблон:Lang) clan of Anting, which had once been prosperous. Since the clan was on the decline, a younger descendant sold the local mansion treasured by the other members as heritage to pay taxes. On that account, his new wife begged him to get a loan and redeem the mansion. In about 1541, he paid off all the debts eventually and moved to Anting, Jiading.Шаблон:Sfnp

Gui spent most of his time at Anting on reading. Moreover, he tutored up to hundreds students who worshipped him. During those intervening triennial springs, he went to Nanjing eight times to take the higher examinations but failed. In 1565, Gui finally got a Jinshi in his ninth examination. Gui became a Zhixian in Changxing at the age of sixty. When Gui was judging, he allowed local people to utter Wu Chinese instead of Mandarin so that they could state clearly. Besides, he seldom imprisoned the defendant if the case could be conciliated.Шаблон:Sfn Three years later, Gui was transferred to be a Tongpan (Шаблон:Lang; an official position) in Shunde, he was in charge of local horse administration. In 1570, Gui went to Beijing to celebrate Longqing Emperor's birthday. Admired by Gao Gong and Zhao Zhenji (Шаблон:Lang), he was promoted to be the Sicheng (Шаблон:Lang; an official position) of Nanjing Taipusi (Шаблон:Lang). But he was still kept in Beijing by Li Chunfang (Шаблон:Lang) to compile Shizong Shilu (Шаблон:Lang) for Jiajing Emperor. In the next year, Gui died of illness in Beijing at the age of 64. He was buried at Kunshan in 1575.

Family

Gui's father was Zheng (Шаблон:Lang), while his mother was Zhou Gui (Шаблон:Lang). He had two younger brothers: Youshang (Шаблон:Lang) and Yougong (Шаблон:Lang); An elder sister Shujing (Шаблон:Lang) and a younger sister Shushun (Шаблон:Lang).

Gui had three wives and a concubine.

His first wife's surname was Wei. They married in about 1529, five year later she died. They had a daughter and a son. In about 1536, he married Wang. Wang died in about 1552, one year later, Gui married to his third wife Fei (Шаблон:Lang).

Hanhua (Шаблон:Lang) initially was a handmaiden accompanying Wei; when Wei married, she was only nine years old. After Wei's death, she became Gui's concubine, before she died at the age of 18.Шаблон:Sfn

Sons: Zixiao (Шаблон:Lang) or Zengsun as birth name (Шаблон:Lang; 1533–1548?), Zihu (Шаблон:Lang), Zining (Шаблон:Lang), Longsun (Шаблон:Lang), Zijun (Шаблон:Lang), Zimu (Шаблон:Lang), Zixiao (Шаблон:Lang)

Daughters: Rulan (Шаблон:Lang; 1534–1535), Erer (Шаблон:Lang; 1538–1539) and other three.

Writings

Gui was one of mid-Ming notable writers of the xiaopin.Шаблон:Col-start Шаблон:Col-2 Books:

• Sanwu shuili lu (Шаблон:Lang)
• Mazheng zhi (Шаблон:Lang)
• Taipu zhi (Шаблон:Lang)

Travel notes:

• Jiwei fushi zaji (Шаблон:Lang)
• Renxu jixing (Шаблон:Lang)

Шаблон:Col-2 Prose (including lesser works, or xiaopin):

• Xiangjixuan zhi (Шаблон:Lang)
• Xianbi shilue (Шаблон:Lang)
• Siziting ji (Шаблон:Lang)
• Nü Erer kuangzhi (Шаблон:Lang)
• Baojieshan juji (Шаблон:Lang)
• Juchuang ji (Шаблон:Lang)

Influence

Gui professed a distaste for the Revivalist School. He criticized the later Revivalists such as Wang Shizhen (Шаблон:Lang), a contemporary bureaucrat and scholar.Шаблон:Sfnp Wang Shenzhong, Mao Kun, Tang Shunzhi and Gui etc. were bracketed together as Tang Song pai (Шаблон:Lang, a school advocating Tang and Song dynasties' classic works of literature) afterwards, while Gui was regarded as the head of them. These writers of the mid-Ming created the canon of the eight great Tang and Song writers which impact hitherto.Шаблон:Sfnp

Despite Wang Shizhen and Gui being horrid to each other, Wang expressed great esteem towards him and compared his works to those of Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu, after Gui's death.

Qian Qianyi praised his works as "the best prose of the Ming Dynasty" (Шаблон:Lang).

In 1828, Tao Zhu, the Jiangsu Xunfu of that time, got permission from the emperor to memorialize Gui by establishing the Zhenchuan Academy, which was completed after three years’construction. It was closed in 1903. One year later, An Yuan and some other people founded the Zhenchuan Primary School at the former campus of Zhenchuan Academy. After several years, Zhenchuan junior high school was added to Zhenchuan Primary School. Now the school is called Anting Junior High School which is located in Anting Town, Jiading District, Shanghai.

Cited works

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Mair, Victor H. (ed.) (2001). The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. New York: Columbia University Press. Шаблон:ISBN. (Amazon Kindle edition.)
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book