Английская Википедия:Gulf Arabic

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language Gulf Arabic (Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl local pronunciation: Шаблон:IPA-ar or Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl, local pronunciation: Шаблон:IPA-ar) is a variety of the Arabic language spoken in Eastern ArabiaШаблон:Sfnp around the coasts of the Persian Gulf in Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, southern Iraq,[1] eastern Saudi Arabia, northern Oman, and by some Iranian Arabs.[2]

Gulf Arabic can be defined as a set of closely related and more-or-less mutually intelligible varieties that form a dialect continuum, with the level of mutual intelligibility between any two varieties largely depending on the distance between them. Similar to other Arabic varieties, Gulf Arabic varieties are not completely mutually intelligible with other Arabic varieties spoken outside the Gulf.Шаблон:Sfnp The specific dialects differ in vocabulary, grammar and accent. There are considerable differences between, for instance, Kuwaiti Arabic and the dialects of Qatar and the UAE, especially in pronunciation, that may hinder mutual intelligibility.Шаблон:Sfnp The Gulf has two major dialect types that differ phonologically and morphologically, typically referred to as badawī ('Bedouin') and ḥadarī ('sedentary'), the differences marking important cultural differences between those who historically practiced pastoralism and those who were sedentary.Шаблон:Sfnp

Gulf varieties' closest related relatives are other dialects native to the Arabian Peninsula, i.e. Najdi Arabic, Mesopotamian Arabic and Bahrani Arabic.Шаблон:Sfnp[3] Although spoken over much of Saudi Arabia's area, Gulf Arabic is not the native tongue of most Saudis, as the majority of them do not live in Eastern Arabia.Шаблон:Sfnp There are some 200,000 Gulf Arabic speakers in the country, out of a population of over 30 million, mostly in the aforementioned Eastern Province.Шаблон:Sfnp[3]

Name

Файл:Peninsular Arabic.svg
Peninsular Arabic varieties (Gulf Arabic indicated by dark maroon)

The dialect's full name Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang local pronunciation: Шаблон:IPA-ar) can be translated as 'the dialect of the gulf'. However, it is most commonly referred to as Khaliji (Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:IPA-ar), in which the noun Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA-ar; Шаблон:Transl) has been suffixed with the Nisba, literally meaning 'of the bay' or 'of the gulf'.Шаблон:Sfnp

Phonology

Consonants

Gulf Arabic consonant phonemesШаблон:Sfnp
Labial Dental Denti-alveolar Palatal Dorsal Pharyn-
geal 		Glottal
plain emphatic Velar Uvular
Nasal Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Plosive voiceless (Шаблон:IPA link) Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
voiced Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA
Fricative voiceless Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
voiced Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA link
Trill Шаблон:IPA link
Approximant Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link

Phonetic notes:

Allophony

Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are often palatalized when occurring before front vowels unless the following consonant is emphatic. The actual realization is in free variation, and can be Шаблон:IPA or, more commonly, Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Speakers who exhibit variation between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA do so in words derived from historical Шаблон:IPA (e.g. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'opposite'); Шаблон:IPA is a contemporary reflex of historical Шаблон:IPA and so there are also sets of words where Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA appear in free variation (e.g. (e.g. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'neighbor').Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp

Voiced stops tend to devoice in utterance-final position, especially as the final element in clusters, e.g. Шаблон:Lang ('dog') Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp

A notable aspect of Gulf Arabic is the different realization of a number of phonemes inherited from Classical Arabic. These differences are the result, in part, of natural linguistic changes over time. After these changes occurred, the original sounds (or close approximations to them) were reintroduced as a result of contact with other dialects, as well as through influence of Modern Standard Arabic as a language of media, government, and religion. For many of these sounds, speakers exhibit free variation between the MSA form and the colloquial form.Шаблон:Sfnp The following table provides a rough outline of these differences:

Letter MSA pronunciation Khaliji varieties Examples Notes
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:IPAblink or Шаблон:IPA mōy or mōj (Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA-ar or Шаблон:IPA, 'wave');
masyid or masjid (Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA, 'mosque')		 Changes are optional, although jim (Шаблон:Lang) never changes to Шаблон:IPAblink in recent loanwords from MSA.Шаблон:Sfnp
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:IPAslink (in Classical Arabic words); Шаблон:IPAblink and, when followed by a front vowel (Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA) Шаблон:IPA jiddām (Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA-ar , 'in front of');
sharji (Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA-ar 'eastern')		 Many Literary Arabic loanwords preserve the Шаблон:IPA sound, but optionally use Шаблон:IPA. By Persian influence, extremely rarely the qaf (Шаблон:Lang) changes to ghayn (Шаблон:Lang) Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA qannā (Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, 'to sing') Ghayn occasionally changes to Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA by Persian influence.Шаблон:Sfnp
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:IPAslink, Шаблон:IPAblink if preceded or followed by a front vowel or if 2nd person feminine singular suffixed/object pronoun ubūch (Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA-ar; 'your [f.sg.] father') This change is optional, but encountered with more often when the kaf (Шаблон:Lang) is used to denote the 2nd person feminine singular suffixed/object pronoun.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:IPAblink ẓāʼ (Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA-ar, 'to lose') Ẓāʼ (Шаблон:Lang) and Ḍad (Шаблон:Lang) are not distinguished by pronunciation, as the Gulf dialects lack the emphatic Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp However, they retain their orthographic distinction.Шаблон:Sfnp

Vowels

Gulf Arabic has five long vowels and three or four short monophthongs. Two recent studies point to a lack of phonemic contrast between [i] and [u], and Shockley (2020) argues that backness is not phonemically contrastive in short vowels.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp The most recent grammar of Gulf Arabic similarly points to a reduced central vowel [ə] as a frequent reflex of all short vowels.Шаблон:Sfnp

Gulf Arabic Vowel PhonemesШаблон:Sfnp
  Front Back
short long short long
Close Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Mid Шаблон:IPA (Шаблон:IPA) Шаблон:IPA
Open Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA

Allophony

Regional variations in vowel pronunciation is considerable, particularly outside of educated speech. Unless otherwise noted, the following are major allophonic variants shared across the entire Gulf region.

Front vowels

In the context of emphatic consonants, long Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA exhibit centralized vowel onglides and offglides.Шаблон:Sfnp For example:

Similarly, the normal realization of short Шаблон:IPA is Шаблон:IPA except in final position, where it is Шаблон:IPA; when adjacent to emphatic, uvular, or bilabial consonants, Шаблон:IPA is centralized to Шаблон:IPA.

When between two emphatic, uvular, or bilabial consonants, Шаблон:IPA is fully backed to Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp

Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang ('turn over!') → Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp

The normal realization of short Шаблон:IPA is a front Шаблон:IPA;Шаблон:Sfnp when adjacent to dorsal and pharyngeal consonants, the normal realization is a back Шаблон:IPA; when adjacent to emphatic consonants (and, for some speakers, bilabial consonants), the realization is a back and rounded Шаблон:IPA:Шаблон:Sfnp

When both a dorsal/pharyngeal consonant and emphatic consonant are adjacent to a vowel, the realization is Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp

For Шаблон:IPA, the pattern is largely the same except that, when adjacent to dorsal/pharyngeal consonants, the realization is Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp

Word-finally, long Шаблон:IPA is shortened and subjected to the same phonological rules as short Шаблон:IPA. This shortening can lead to alternations based on morphological conditioning, e.g. Шаблон:IPA ('lunch') vs. Шаблон:IPA ('your lunch').Шаблон:Sfnp

Back vowels

Шаблон:IPA is normally realized as Шаблон:IPA. Similarly, Шаблон:IPA is realized Шаблон:IPA except when unstressed, in which case it is reduced to Шаблон:IPA if it is not deleted altogether (e.g. Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA 'houses').Шаблон:Sfnp

The short vowel phoneme Шаблон:IPA occurs rarely as a variant of the diphthong Шаблон:IPA in a handful of words (e.g. لو Шаблон:IPA 'if').Шаблон:Sfnp

Morphology

Similarly to other Arabic varieties, Gulf Arabic has lost much of the case inflection of Classical Arabic. Possession is marked with the particles Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, which are attached to possessive enclitics.Шаблон:Sfnp

Pronouns

Gulf Arabic has 10 personal pronouns.Шаблон:Sfnp The conservative dialect has preserved the gender differentiation of the 2nd and 3rd person in the plural forms, whereas dual forms have not survived. The following table bears the generally most common pronouns:

Person Singular Plural
1st ānā (Шаблон:Lang) niḥin (Шаблон:Lang)
2nd masculine inta (Шаблон:Lang) intum (Шаблон:Lang)
feminine inti (Шаблон:Lang) intinШаблон:Ref (Шаблон:Lang)
3rd masculine huwa (Шаблон:Lang) hum (Шаблон:Lang)
feminine hiya (Шаблон:Lang) hinШаблон:Ref (Шаблон:Lang)

Шаблон:Refbegin

  • Шаблон:Note Many speakers do not distinguish between masculine and feminine forms in the second person plural, replacing intum and intin with intu (Шаблон:Lang).
  • Шаблон:Note Speakers that do not distinguish between masculine and feminine forms in the third person plural will also use hum (Шаблон:Lang) for both genders in the third person plural, respectively.

Шаблон:Refend

Some pronouns, however, have other (less frequent, resp. local) forms:

Syntax

The normal word order in main clauses is the following:Шаблон:Sfnp

Subject – (Verb) – (Direct Object) – (Indirect Object) – (Adverbials)

The following sentence indicates the normal word order of declarative statements: Шаблон:Interlinear

When forming interrogative statements, any of these elements can be replaced by interrogative words. Шаблон:Harvcoltxt identifies five such words in Gulf Arabic:Шаблон:Sfnp

Unless it is desired to stress one of these elements, this order of elements is preserved in the formation of interrogative questions.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Interlinear Шаблон:Interlinear Шаблон:Interlinear

When placing emphasis on the questioned element, word order can change. Specifically, the element of a clause can be questioned by moving it, generally to initial position. With the subject (which is normally initial), it is moved to final position:Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Interlinear The moved element receives strong stress; in the case of a question word, the intonation is a high fall. When the point is to seek clarification, the element questioned has a high rising intonation.Шаблон:Sfnp

See also

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

Шаблон:Varieties of Arabic Шаблон:Languages of Kuwait Шаблон:Languages of Oman Шаблон:Languages of Saudi Arabia Шаблон:Languages of the United Arab Emirates Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Arabic, Gulf Spoken – A Language of Iraq Ethnologue
  2. ↑ Languages of Iran Ethnologue
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Languages of Saudi Arabia Ethnologue
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