Английская Википедия:Gulf of Bothnia

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Файл:Baltic Sea map.png

Map of the Baltic Sea, showing the Gulf of Bothnia in the upper half

Файл:Scandinavia M2002074 lrg.jpg

Satellite image of Fennoscandia in winter. The northern part of the Gulf of Bothnia, the Bothnian Bay, is covered with sea ice.

The Gulf of Bothnia (Шаблон:IPAc-en; Шаблон:Lang-fi; Шаблон:Lang-sv) is divided into the Bothnian Bay and Bothnian Sea, and it is the northernmost arm of the Baltic Sea, between Finland's west coast (East Bothnia) and the northern part of Sweden's east coast (West Bothnia and North Bothnia). In the south of the gulf lies Åland, between the Sea of Åland and the Archipelago Sea.

Name

Шаблон:Moresources Bothnia is a latinization. The Swedish name Шаблон:Lang was originally just Шаблон:Lang, with Шаблон:Lang being Old Norse for "gulf" or "bay", which is also the meaning of the second element Шаблон:Lang.

The name Шаблон:Lang was applied to the Gulf of Bothnia as Шаблон:Lang in Old Norse, after Шаблон:Lang, which at the time referred to the coastland west of the gulf. Later, Шаблон:Lang was applied to the regions of Шаблон:Lang on the western side and Шаблон:Lang on the eastern side ('West Bottom' and 'East Bottom'). The Finnish name of Österbotten, Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang, meaning 'land'), gives a hint as to the meaning in both languages: the meaning of Шаблон:Lang includes both 'bottom' and 'north'. Шаблон:Lang is the base word for north, Шаблон:Lang, with an adjectival suffix added.

Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang is cognate with the English word bottom, and it might be part of a general north European distinction of lowlands, as opposed to highlands, such as the Netherlandic region, Samogitia (Lithuanian), and Sambia (Russia).Шаблон:Clarify

Julius Pokorny gives the extended Proto-Indo-European root as Шаблон:PIE with a Шаблон:PIE variant, from which the Latin Шаблон:Lang, as in fundament, is derived. The original meaning of English north, from Proto-Indo-European Шаблон:PIE 'under', indicates an original sense of 'lowlands' for bottomlands. On the other hand, by north the classical authors usually meant 'outermost', as the northern lands were outermost to them. In Saami, the cardinal directions were named according to the different parts of the typical tent used by this nomadic people. The door of the tent was traditionally pointed south, in the most sunny direction, and the bottom of the tent would be aligned with the north. Thus the origin of the word Шаблон:Lang in its use as 'north'. According to Lönnrot, north was viewed as the bottom direction because the lowest point of the sun's path is there.

Geography

Файл:Bottnischer Meerbusen um 1830.jpg

Depiction of the gulf, circa 1830

The International Hydrographic Organization defines the southern limit of the Gulf of Bothnia as follows:

From Simpnäsklubb (59°54'N) in Sweden, to Flötjan, Lagskær [sic], Fæstörne [sic], Kökarsörn, and Vænö-Kalkskær [sic] to the SW point of Hangöudde (Hangö Head, 59°49'N) in Finland, thus including Åland and adjacent shoals and channels in the Gulf of Bothnia.

Файл:Solis Occasus in Sino Bothnico.jpg

June 2006 view of the Gulf of Bothnia in Finland.

Файл:Hailuoto Marjaniemi.jpg

Pilot station and lighthouse in the Hailuoto Island, a municipality island at the Bothnian Bay near the city of Oulu

Файл:KalajokiBeaches1.jpg

Sandy beaches of Kalajoki at the shores of the Gulf of Bothnia

The gulf is 725 km (450 mi) long, 80–240 km (50-150 mi) wide and has an average depth of 60 m (200 ft, 33 fathoms). The maximum depth is 295 m (965 ft, 161 fathoms). The surface area is 117,000 km² (45,200 sq mi). The northernmost point is situated in Töre in the Bothnian Bay. its coordinates are 65° 54'07" N 22° 39'00 E.

The depth and surface area of the Gulf of Bothnia are constantly decreasing, as the land is rising after it had been pressed down by about 2,600 to 3,300 feet (800 to 1,000 meters) by the continental ice during last ice age. The rise is 80 cm every hundred years. It is estimated that the land has a further 300 to 400 feet (100 to 125 meters) to rise before equilibrium is reached. This recovery rate will progressively slow as isostatic equilibrium is approached.

Into the gulf flow a number of rivers from both sides; consequently, a salinity gradient exists from north to south. In the south the water is the normal brackish water of the Baltic Sea, but in the north, in the Bothnian Bay, the salinity is so low, from 0.4% near Kvarken to 0.2% in the northernmost part, that many freshwater fish such as the pike, whitefish and perch thrive in it.

The gulf is a combination of the Bothnian Bay in the north and the Bothnian Sea in the south, separated by the Kvarken region with a water depth of around Шаблон:Convert and a rate of land rising of almost Шаблон:Convert a year. Within 2000 years the bay is expected to separate from the rest of the gulf and become a freshwater lake.

Being nearly fresh, the gulf is frozen over five months every year. The icing of the Baltic Sea begins and ends in the northern Gulf of Bothnia. Traffic restrictions for icebreaker assistance are typically in force for all the gulf from late January to late April and for the northernmost ports from the middle of December to the middle of May.

Geology

Шаблон:Further Geologically the Gulf of Bothnia is an ancient depression of tectonic origin. The depression is partly filled with sedimentary rock deposited in the Precambrian and Paleozoic. Nearby plains adjoining the gulf are part of the Sub-Cambrian peneplain. While being repeatedly covered by glaciers during the last 2.5 million years glacial erosion has had a limited effect in changing the topography.

It is estimated that within about 2,000 years, ongoing post-glacial rebound will raise the seafloor in the Norra Kvarken area above water, splitting the Gulf of Bothnia into a southern gulf and northern lake.

History

The gulf was not known by ancient and medieval geographers and as late as in 1427 not indicated by the Danish cartographer Claudius Clavus, not even in the map of Hartmann Schedel, printed in 1493. The first map, in which the gulf has been delineated, although without name, is that of Nicolaus Germanus from the year 1482.

Economy

Шаблон:Moresources The land surrounding the Gulf of Bothnia is heavily forested. Trees are logged, then transported to the coast for milling. The gulf is also important for oil transport to the coastal cities and ore transport to steel mills, for instance in Raahe.

In terms of tonnage in international traffic, the largest ports on the Finnish side are Rauma, Kokkola and Tornio. The main ports of the Swedish side are in Luleå, Skellefteå, Umeå, Sundsvall, Gävle and Hargshamn. In Luleå, iron ore pellets are exported and coal is imported. Gävle is Sweden's third-largest container port. It also ships forest products and oil. In port operations in the Gulf of Bothnia, icebreaker assistance can be required for an ice season that averages as long as six months; whereas in the Gulf of Finland, the icebreaking season averages only three months.

There is some fishery, mainly Baltic herring, for domestic needs. A persistent problem has been pollution, because the sea is enclosed by a large drainage basin and is poorly connected to fresher waters from the Atlantic. Mercury and PCB levels have been relatively high, although the Finnish Food Safety Authority considers the herring edible. Although the levels exceed the limits, the fatty acids have health benefits that offset this risk.

Rivers

• Kalajoki
• Kemijoki
• Kiiminkijoki
• Kokemäenjoki
• Oulujoki
• Dalälven
• Ljusnan
• Ljungan
• Indalsälven
• Ångerman
• Ume River
• Skellefte River
• Pite River
• Lule River
• Kalix River
• Torne

Cities and towns

• Gävle
• Härnösand
• Jakobstad
• Kalajoki
• Kokkola
• Kristinestad
• Luleå
• Oulu
• Pori
• Rauma
• Sundsvall
• Umeå
• Vaasa