Английская Википедия:Gulf of Honduras

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Файл:Bay of Honduras.jpg

The Gulf of Honduras is shown in the centre of this map

The Gulf or Bay of Honduras is a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea, indenting the coasts of Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras. From north to south, it runs for approximately 200 km (125 miles) from Dangriga, Belize, to La Ceiba, Honduras.

The inner Gulf of Honduras is lined by the Belize Barrier Reef which forms the southern part of the 900 km (600 mile) long Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System, the second-largest coral reef system in the world. The Belize Barrier Reef includes a number of small islands, called cays, and collectively known as the Pelican Cays.Шаблон:Sfn

The Gulf of Honduras is marked by complex dynamics of coastal and open waters, and ocean currents, which have produced a very diverse and unique ecosystem with a wide variety of coastal marine waters, including coastline estuaries, barrier beaches, lagoons, intertidal salt marshes, mangrove forests, seagrass beds, keys and barrier reefs.Шаблон:Sfn

The gulf receives the runoff from the watersheds of 12 rivers with an estimated discharge of 1,232,000 litres (approx. 300,000 gallons) per second.Шаблон:Sfn

Tourists are often taken on boat trips to the Pelican Cays, notably Caye Caulker and Ambergris Caye.

In 1961 Hurricane Hattie swept across the Gulf of Honduras, destroying buildings in Belize.

The infamous pirate Blackbeard spent the winter of 1717–1718 harassing shipping boats sailing to and from the port of Vera Cruz, Mexico and traversing the Bay of Honduras.Шаблон:Sfn In April 1718, at Turneffe Atoll, Blackbeard captured the logwood cutting sloop Adventure and forced its captain, David Herriot, to join him. Blackbeard then made Israel Hands captain of the Adventure and began sailing for North Carolina.Шаблон:Sfn

Extent

Current

The Gulf's limits have not been demarcated by the International Hydrographic Organization.Шаблон:Sfn Its northernmost point is variously given as Belize City, Dangriga, or Gladden Spit; its easternmost point as Punta Sal, Punta Izopo, or La Ceiba.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The northern limits are in the Belize or Stann Creek districts of Belize, while the eastern ones are in the Atlántida Department of Honduras.Шаблон:Citation neededШаблон:Notetag

Historical

During the 16th through 20th centuries, the Gulf's limits were thought to run from Cape Catoche to Cape Gracias a Dios.Шаблон:Citation needed

History

Columbian

20th century

In 10Шаблон:Nbnd12 December 1989, the Central American Integration System established the Commission for the Environment and Development, a body charged with coordinating environmental protection policies, projects, and programmes across the region.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Upon the 12 October 1994 signing of the Alliance for the Sustainable Development of Central America, the Commission adopted its first regional environmental management plan.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 1995 and 2005, the Commission secured grant financing for its work in the Gulf.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Notetag

In 1996, nine NGOs in Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras established the Trinational Alliance for the Conservation of the Gulf of Honduras (aka TRIGOH).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The alliance seeks to harmonise members' management policies for marine and coastal protected areas in the Gulf, and to coordinate their management and research activities.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Geography

Physical

Terrestrial

The Gulf's northern (ie Belizean) shores consist mostly of sandy beach ridges, saline tidal swamps, and shelf lagoons. It is dotted with small estuaries, mangrove forests, seagrass beds, patch and barrier reefs, and mangrove and coral cayes.Шаблон:Sfn The coast in the mouth of the Gulf (ie Guatemalan coastline) consists mainly of mangrove thickets, large estuaries, seagrass beds, and beaches.Шаблон:Sfn The southern coast (in Honduras) is marked by long beaches, vast mangroves, and mangrove and coral cays.Шаблон:Sfn

Marine

The Gulf's continental shelf extends some 9.32–24.85 miles (15–40 km) from shore.Шаблон:Sfn The northern shelf holds part of the Belize Barrier Reef, which stretches to the Sapodilla Cayes. The shelf in the mouth of the Gulf holds five parallel submarine ridges of continental origin, which jut out towards the north-northeast.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It is cleaved by the Swan Island fault, which divides the North American and Caribbean tectonic plates, and forms the southern boundary of the Cayman Trough.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Climate

The Gulf's climate is tropical or sub-tropical (ie Am and Af Köppen climate classifications).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Temperature varies little throughout the year, averaging Шаблон:Convert, though this is slightly moderated to Шаблон:Convert by cold northerlies and trade winds blowing from North America during the winter months.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Rainfall and humidity are seasonal; rainfall averages Шаблон:Convert per month during the JuneШаблон:NbndOctober wet season, and Шаблон:Convert per month during the NovemberШаблон:NbndMay dry season.Шаблон:Sfn The wet season is brought by the annual northern migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone.Шаблон:Sfn Rainfall and humidity additionally vary by location, with some 118–157 inches (3,000–4,000 mm) of annual rainfall in the coastal areas, and some Шаблон:Convert in the Maya Mountains.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The northeasterly trade winds are the most dominant influence on the Gulf's annual wind pattern; their speeds range from Шаблон:Convert to Шаблон:Convert per second.Шаблон:Sfn Tropical storms and hurricanes are regular between August and October, with the Gulf's northeastern (ie Belizean) section averaging 60 storms per century, and the southwestern coast (ie Guatemalan and Honduran) averaging 20 storms per century.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Geology

Terrestrial

The Gulf's northern (ie Belizean) coast consists primarily of three geologic formationsШаблон:Nbnd metamorphosed sediments (ie metasediments) and granite intrusions in the Maya Mountains, and coastal alluvial sediments east, southeast, and south of this range.Шаблон:Sfn The metasediments are the oldest rocks in Belize, formed during the Palaeozoic era some 300 mya.Шаблон:Sfn They form part of the Santa Rosa Group, and are composed of fine-grained phyllites, slates, and mudstones. The alluvial sediments formed during the Tertiary period some 10 mya.Шаблон:Sfn Primary soil types are Ossory (from metasediments), Stopper (from granite), Melinda and Puletan (from alluvial sediment), and tintal soils (ie wet, swampy type soils).Шаблон:Sfn The Belize Barrier Reef protects this coast from open sea waves.Шаблон:Sfn As such, the north-south littoral drift along this coast is primarily driven by waves formed within the reef.Шаблон:Sfn

The coast at the mouth of the Gulf (ie Guatemalan coast) consists primarily of alluvial material from the Quaternary era.Шаблон:Sfn The southern (ie Honduran) coast consists primarily of sedimentary alluvium (surficial bounders, cobbles, gravel, sand, and mud) and intrusive plutonic formations of granite, granodiorite, and diorite.Шаблон:Sfn These formed during the Quaternary and Cretaceous eras.Шаблон:Sfn The west-east littoral drift along this coast is driven mainly by open sea waves, which tend to approach the shoreline from east to west.Шаблон:Sfn

Marine

The Gulf is part of the Cayman Trench, one of five deepwater basins in the Caribbean Sea.Шаблон:Sfn It contains the open-sea lagoon formed by the Belize Barrier Reef, the Amatique Bay, the Atlantic coast of Guatemala, and the eastern part of the coast of Honduras.Шаблон:Sfn The western part of the Gulf sits on the continental shelf, which extends Шаблон:Convert offshore, and so is rather shallow, with mean depths of less than Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn Large freshwater discharge from the Sarstoon, Dulce, and Motagua rivers limit coral development in the mouth of the Gulf to a few isolated patches, as at Hunting Caye, for instance.Шаблон:Sfn Towards the northeastern section of the Gulf, the continental shelf drops off abruptly, from some 98 feet at the shelf break to some 6,560 feet in the Cayman Trench.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Notetag

Formation

The Gulf's northern coast, upon the Yucatan Peninsula, reached its present location during the Late Jurassic age some 150 Mya.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It was joined by the Central American platform during the Eocene epoch some 40 Mya, thereby forming a gulf or bay in or about the present location of the Gulf of Honduras.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Hydrology

Watersheds

Eight primary, and 17 subsidiary, watersheds replenish the Gulf.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn These cover some Шаблон:Convert, with 2,240 sq. mi. in Belize, 7,070 sq. mi. in Guatemala, and 11,430 sq. mi. in Honduras.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn They contain 13 major, and various minor, rivers, with the former discharging some Шаблон:Convert of freshwater per second, on average, and the latter, some 7,060 cubic feet per second, on average.Шаблон:Sfn Annually, the Gulf receives some 17.75–18.23 cubic miles (74–76 km³) of water from its watersheds.Шаблон:Sfn Sedimentary discharge from Belizean rivers into the Gulf was, on average, 80, 15, and 5 per cent mud, clay, and sand, respectively.Шаблон:Sfn Peak freshwater and sedimentary discharge occurs in the wet season, which usually exceeds dry season discharge by a factor of 5Шаблон:Nbnd9.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Notetag

Major watersheds of the Gulf of Honduras.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Watershed	Country	Area Шаблон:Small	Rivers Шаблон:Small
Maya Mountains	Belize	5,800	Sittee, Swasey, Grande, Moho
Sarstoon	Belize	2,218	Sarstoon
Dulce–Izabal	Guatemala	3,435	Dulce
Motagua	Guatemala	12,670	Motagua, San Francisco, Piteros, Ingleses
Chamelecon	Honduras	4,350	Chamelecon
Cumayel	Honduras	2,141	Motagua
Ulua	Honduras	21,230	Ulua
Lean	Honduras	3,045	Lean

Major rivers entering the Gulf of Honduras.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

River	Country	Discharge Шаблон:Small
		Water	Sediment
Sittee	Belize	32	na
Stann Creek	Belize	40	1.7
Swasey	Belize	27	na
Monkey	Belize	63	2.7
Grande	Belize	26	1.1
Moho	Belize	37	1.6
Sarstoon	Belize	160	6.9
Dulce	Guatemala	300	13.0
Motagua	Guatemala	530	22.9
San Francisco	Guatemala	na	na
Piteros	Guatemala	na	na
Ulua	Honduras	690	29.8
Chamelecon	Honduras	370	15.1

Currents

The Gulf's open sea experiences the Caribbean Current and a quasi-permanent cyclonic eddy generated in the southwest corner of the Cayman Tranch.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The latter is centred at about 19°N 86°W, generating a sea surface height anomaly of negative Шаблон:Convert, with peripheral current velocities of 7.9 to 15.8 inches per second (0.2–0.4 m/s).Шаблон:Sfn

The Caribbean Current flows from east to west in the deep waters off the continental shelf of Honduras.Шаблон:Sfn In doing so, every few months, it generates cyclonic, counterclockwise gyres, characterised by a central water level depression of 8Шаблон:Nbnd12 inches (20Шаблон:Nbnd30 cm), which take 2Шаблон:Nbnd3 months to progress westwards along the Honduran coast towards the Belize Barrier Reef.Шаблон:Sfn

Along the Gulf's northern (ie Belizean) coast, persistent northeasterly trade winds maintain a constant southerly downwelling, with speeds of 3.9 to 7.9 inches per second (0.1–0.2 m/s).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This southern drift, in turn, drives a counterclockwise eddy along the Gulf's mouth, and along its southern coast (ie the Guatemalan and Honduran coasts).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Notetag

Tides

The Gulf experiences a mixed, mainly semidiurnal microtide with a mean sea surface elevation range of some Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The semidiurnal and diurnal constituent amplitudes range within 1.18Шаблон:Nbnd2.76 inches (0.03Шаблон:Nbnd0.07 m).Шаблон:Sfn The dominant semidiurnal and diurnal tidal constituents propagate westwards along the coast of Honduras, and northwards along the Belize Barrier Reef.Шаблон:Sfn Currents induced by the tide may be appreciable in constricted channels along the Belize Barrier Reef, reaching 15.75 inches per second (0.4 m/s) here.Шаблон:Sfn Astronomical tides are weak, and at times completely dominated by meteorological tides.Шаблон:Sfn For instance, the storm surge associated with Hurricane Mitch raised the mean water level at Gladden Spit 9.2 feet (2.8 m) on 27 October 1998.Шаблон:Sfn

Waves

The northeasterly and easterly trade winds give rise to both wind waves and swell, especially during December–May.Шаблон:Sfn These are intensified by cold northerlies and north-westerlies blowing in from North America during November–April in bursts lasting one to three days.Шаблон:Sfn Waves are typically 3.28–9.84 feet (1–3 m) high, with periods of 3–7 seconds, though hurricanes may increase their height to 32.81 feet (10 m), and their period to 12.7 seconds.Шаблон:Sfn Mean wave direction is towards 255° (ie towards the west-southwest).Шаблон:Sfn The wet season's thunderstorms are often accompanied by intense gusts from varying directions, followed by periods of calm.Шаблон:Sfn

Water

Sea-surface temperatures in the Gulf range from Шаблон:Convert in JanuaryШаблон:NbndFebruary to Шаблон:Convert in AugustШаблон:NbndSeptember, with the former lower temperatures associated with coastal upwelling driven by intensified trade winds.Шаблон:Sfn The Gulf's upper mixed layer, which has uniform temperature and salinity, is about Шаблон:Convert in its northwest section, featuring temperatures of Шаблон:Convert to Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn A thermocline develops offshore at 49 to 66 feet (15 to 20 m).Шаблон:Sfn Sea-surface salinity in the Gulf averages 36,200 parts per million (36.2 g per kg) offshore, but drops off closer towards the coast, and especially near estuaries like the Amatique Bay, where salinity dips to 5,000–10,000 ppm (5–10 g/kg) during the wet season.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Visibility in the Gulf ranges from less than Шаблон:Convert near estuaries to a maximum of Шаблон:Convert inside the Belize Barrier Reef. Dissolved oxygen ranges from 0.9 ppm (0.9 mg/L) near coastal areas of wastewater discharge, to 5.2–9.6 ppm (5.2–9.6 mg/L) near the Belize Barrier Reef.Шаблон:Sfn pH ranges from 5.8 in areas without marine vegetation (eg seagrass beds), to 7.4 in lagoons and estuaries, to 8.8 near coral reefs.Шаблон:Sfn Nitrate and phosphate concentrations range from levels below the detection threshold (near coral reefs), to 7.0 μM and 1.0 μM respectively (near estuaries).Шаблон:Sfn Chlorophyll-a concentrations range from undetectable to 0.55 ppm (0.55 mg/L).Шаблон:Sfn

Ecology

Ecosystems

The most significant ecosystems in the Gulf are mangrove forests, seagrass beds, and coral reefs, these being some of the most productive ecosystems on Earth, in terms of mean net primary productivity, and some of the most vulnerable to changes in water quality.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Mangrove forests

The Gulf's mangrove forests are dominated by red mangroves, though black, white, and buttonwood mangroves are also present.Шаблон:Sfn Mangrove stands act as sediment traps in estuaries, thereby protecting coral reefs from sedimentation, and providing a primary source of nutrition and a nursery habitat for coastal marine life.Шаблон:Sfn They also act as a physical buffer from tropical storms for inland settlements.Шаблон:Sfn The largest forests sit on the Sarstoon–Temash, and the Port Honduras–Payne's Creek areas (on the southern coast of Belize, and the Atlantic coast of Guatemala).Шаблон:Sfn Smaller forests are located near Livingston, Dulce River, Puerto Barrios, Punta de Manabique, and in the Jeanette Kawas National Park.Шаблон:Sfn Mangrove stands cover at least Шаблон:Convert of land in Belize, and some Шаблон:Convert of Guatemala's Atlantic coast.Шаблон:Sfn

Seagrass beds

The Gulf's seagrass beds are dominated by turtle grass, though shoal, manatee, and tape grasses also appear.Шаблон:Sfn Seagrass meadows are predominantly found in clear, sandy-bottomed, surf-free, shallow waters, as found off the coast of Belize, in the Amatique Bay, and in Graciosa Bay.Шаблон:Sfn They cover some Шаблон:Convert of the Gulf, reaching a density of some 133 plants per square foot (1,433 plants per m²).Шаблон:Sfn They provide a source of nutrition for marine life, and help stabilise the coast.Шаблон:Sfn In Belize, they serve as an important habitat for queen conch, the country's second-most important commercial fish species.Шаблон:Sfn

Coral reefs

Шаблон:Main The most significant coral reefs in the Gulf are those of the Belize Barrier Reef, itself part of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef, the second-largest reef in the world.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It is composed of lagoon patch reefs, fringing reefs, and offshore atolls.Шаблон:Sfn It is home to some 60 coral, 350 mollusc, and 500 fish species.Шаблон:Sfn Isolated coral patches dot the Guatemalan and Honduran coasts of the Gulf.Шаблон:Sfn

Biodiversity

The Gulf's marine life is particularly diverse.Шаблон:Sfn It is home to a number of threatened and endangered marine species, most notably West Indian manatees, and green, leatherback, and hawksbill turtles.Шаблон:Sfn

Genera and species tallies in coastal and marine areas of Belize in 1998.Шаблон:Sfn

Taxa	Coastal		Marine
	Genera	Species	Genera	Species
Fish	37	173	229	472
Invertebrates	29	45	296	456
Reptiles	17	124	5	7
Amphibians	6	7	0	0
Insects	152	240	0	0
Birds	128	177	34	47
Mammals	37	39	4	5
Plants	188	235	66	315
Total	594	627	338	1,302

Protection

Belize was the first country in the Gulf to establish a system of protected areas.Шаблон:Sfn The Crown Lands Ordinance of 1924 authorised the Governor-in-Council to classify some Crown land as protected areas.Шаблон:Sfn The first area so classified was the Half Moon Caye Crown Reserve, a bird sanctuary established on 1 September 1928.Шаблон:Citation needed Guatemala and Honduras established protected areas by the 1990s.Шаблон:Sfn Over 43, 29, and 27 per cent of the territory of Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras, respectively, are under some form of protection.Шаблон:Sfn Efforts to establish an international protected area in the Gulf have been hindered by the Belizean–Guatemalan territorial dispute.Шаблон:Sfn

Marine and terrestrial protected areas in the Gulf of Honduras in 2003.Шаблон:Sfn

Name	Country	Area Шаблон:Small
Swasey Bladen	Belize	5,981
Maya Mountains	Belize	51,845
Columbia River	Belize	41,658
Monkey Caye	Belize	591
Deep River	Belize	31,798
Machaca Creek	Belize	1,520
Rio Blanco	Belize	40
Sarstoon Temash	Belize	16,956
Aguacaliente	Belize	2,222
Paynes Creek	Belize	12,819
Port Honduras	Belize	40,468
Gladden Spit & Silk Cayes	Belize	10,510
Sapodilla Cayes	Belize	13,517
Rio Dulce	Guatemala	7,200
Rio Sarstoon	Guatemala	9,600
Chocón Machacas	Guatemala	6,265
Manantiales Cerro San Gil	Guatemala	47,433
Cierra Santa Cruz	Guatemala	46,600
Sierra Caral	Guatemala	25,200
Punta de Manabique	Guatemala	139,300
Santo Tomás de Castilla	Guatemala	1,000
Cusuco	Honduras	na
Jeannette Kawas	Honduras	na
Punta Izopo	Honduras	na
Lancetilla	Honduras	na

Economy

Demographics

The Gulf proper encompasses the Toledo and Stann Creek districts of Belize, the Izabal department of Guatemala, and the Cortés and Atlántida departments of Honduras, though the Gulf's watersheds encompass additional districts and departments.Шаблон:Sfn These districts are predominantly rural, ethnically diverse, and agrarian.Шаблон:Sfn

Agriculture

Agriculture is the dominant economic activity in the Gulf, employing over 30 per cent of the labour force in Belize's southern districts, for instance.Шаблон:Sfn Agriculture is undertaken both for subsistence and for commerce, with coffee, cacao, and bananas being the lead exports.Шаблон:Sfn Bananas are an important export in all three countries of the Gulf, while coffee is a major product of Guatemala and Honduras.Шаблон:Sfn Smallholders tend to focus on maize, beans, and maicillo.Шаблон:Sfn

Fisheries

The Gulf sustains a number of commercially-fished species, including shrimp, spiny lobster, queen conch, and scale fish (eg swordfish, jurel, sea bass, barracuda, tuna, pejerrey, and anchovy).Шаблон:Sfn Some 14.3 million pounds of fish are caught in the Gulf each year, worth some $22.8 million (Шаблон:To USD million USD), with spiny lobster, queen conch, shrimp, and sardines being the major earners.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Belizean coast is particularly known for its shrimping grounds, especially off the Moho, Temash, and Sarstoon rivers, where over 150,000 pounds of shrimp are caught annually by some 200 small-scale fishermen and 10 large-scale trawlers.Шаблон:Sfn In the southern coast of the Gulf, some 1,415 Guatemalan and 647 Honduran small-scale fisherman are active.Шаблон:Sfn

Aquaculture

Four aquaculture farms operate on the Belizean coast of the Gulf.Шаблон:Sfn These predominantly grow whiteleg shrimp. In 1999, these farms grew prawn in 107 ponds spanning 722 acres, with an annual production of over two million pounds for local consumption and export.Шаблон:Sfn

Tourism

Tourism is the second-largest foreign exchange earner in the Gulf countries.Шаблон:Sfn In Belize, tourism has historically focussed on cayes and reefs in the northern part of the country, outside the Gulf.Шаблон:Sfn In 2001, for instance, only 11.1 per cent of tourists were destined towards the country's southern districts, accounting for only 6 per cent of income derived from tourist accommodation.Шаблон:Sfn Activities were primarily eco-cultural, with the main attractions being Mayan archaeological sites and various marine and coastal parks.Шаблон:Sfn Tourism infrastructure in the Guatemalan and Honduran coasts is more limited (with the exception of the Honduran Bay Islands).Шаблон:Sfn

Transport

The major port facilities in the Gulf are the Big Creek and Belize City ports in Belize, Puerto Barrios and Puerto Santo Tomás in Guatemala, and Puerto Cortés in Honduras, with the Honduran port being the only deepwater port in Central America, and one of the best equipped for cargo.Шаблон:Sfn In 2001, these ports accommodated nearly 4,000 ships and 12 million metric tonnes of cargo.Шаблон:Sfn

Number of ship calls at, and quantity of cargo handled by, five major ports in the Gulf of Honduras.Шаблон:Sfn

Port	Calls		Cargo Шаблон:Small
	1996	2001	1996	2001
Belize City	231	196	449,378	704,837
Big Creek	54	77	65,868	90,232
Santo Tomás	na	1,263	3,185,949	4,245,118
Puerto Barrios	462	535	1,152,000	1,679,700
Puerto Cortés	1,325	1,786	3,992,700	5,661,940
Total	> 2,072	3,857	8,845,895	12,381,827

Industry

Industrial manufacturing is limited in the Gulf, particularly in the Belizean coast, where the only major factories in 2003 were two citrus and one rice processing plants.Шаблон:Sfn Guatemalan and Honduran manufacturing are heavily concentrated on the Gulf's watersheds.Шаблон:Sfn

References

Journals

1. Шаблон:Cite journal
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Print

1. Шаблон:Cite book
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Web

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Maps

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Reports

1. Шаблон:Cite report
2. Шаблон:Cite report
3. Шаблон:Cite report
4. Шаблон:Cite report

External links

• When Blackbeard Scourged the Seas, History.org