Английская Википедия:Gulfstream G650/G700/G800
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Use American English
The Gulfstream G650 is a large business jet produced by Gulfstream Aerospace.[1] The model is designated Gulfstream GVI in its type certificate.[2] The aircraft can be configured to carry from 11 to 18 passengers over a range of Шаблон:Convert at a top speed of Шаблон:Convert. The aircraft is powered by two Rolls-Royce BR725 turbofans, mounted on the rear fuselage. Gulfstream began the G650 program in 2005 and revealed it to the public in 2008. The G650ER is an extended-range version of the G650, adding about Шаблон:Convert by modifying the fuel system, an upgrade offered for existing G650 aircraft.[3]
At its introduction, the G650 was the company's largest and fastest business jet, until being surpassed by the G700. Introduced in October 2019, the G700 stretched the airframe by Шаблон:Convert and increased its top speed to Шаблон:Convert using a new wing and improved Rolls-Royce Pearl 700 engines.
A fourth variant, the G800 was announced in October 2021. The new aircraft is the same size as the G650 but uses the improved wing and Pearl 700 engines from the G700.
The aircraft project was named the 2014 winner of the Collier Trophy, for having "strengthened business aviation through significant technological advancements in aircraft performance, cabin comfort, and safety."[4] The 300th was delivered in April 2018, just over five years since introduction in December 2012.[5] The 400th was delivered in December 2019, seven years after the type's introduction.[6] The 500th was delivered by Gulfstream's Appleton completions facility in September 2022.[7]
Development
The Gulfstream G650 was formally launched as an internal company project in May 2005, and publicly unveiled on March 13, 2008. At the public announcement occasion, company executives stated the new model would become Gulfstream's largest, fastest and most expensive business jet on entry to the market.[8]
The wing design was completed in 2006. A total of 1,400 hours of wind tunnel testing was completed by 2008. A pressure-test fuselage was built and tested, including an ultimate-pressure test of Шаблон:Cvt.[9]
The G650 taxied under its own power for the first time on September 26, 2009.[10] A public rollout ceremony was held on September 29, 2009.[11] The G650 had its maiden flight on November 25, 2009.[12]
Flight testing for the maximum operating speed of Mach 0.925 was announced as completed on May 4, 2010.[13] Gulfstream reported on August 26, 2010, that the G650 hit a maximum speed of Mach 0.995 during a dive as part of its 1,800-hour flight test program.[14] In April 2011, a G650 crashed shortly after liftoff. The cause was determined to be related to the speeds carried out for the single engine takeoff run. The G650 test aircraft were grounded until May 28, 2011, when the remaining test aircraft were allowed to return to flight testing.[15]
On September 7, 2012, the G650 received its type certificate from the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).[16][17] Its first delivery was to an American customer, Preston Henn,[18] on December 27, 2012.[19]
The G650 had a nominal list price of $64.5 million in 2013,[20] but there was a three-year waiting list. Some aircraft produced for delivery in 2013 sold for more than $70 million to buyers that wanted to take immediate delivery.[21]
After rising to $71-73 million in 2014, initial enthusiasm dissipated and the value of pre-owned G650s stabilized at $50 million after the competing Bombardier Global 7500 was certified in 2018.[22]
Also in May 2014, Gulfstream confirmed that the G650 would be offered to the United States Air Force for its program to replace the E-8C JSTARS air-to-ground surveillance and targeting aircraft. The still emerging requirements call for an aircraft with a 10-13 man crew and a belly-mounted radar Шаблон:Convert long.[23] However, during the fiscal 2019 budget rollout briefing it was announced that the Air Force will not move forward with an E-8C replacement aircraft. Funding for the JSTARS recapitalization program will instead be diverted to pay for development of an advanced battle management system.[24][25]
In September 2018, Gulfstream was conducting testing at London City Airport to certify the aircraft to perform steep approaches.[26] In 2023, its equipped price was $68.5M for the G650, and $70.5M for the G650ER.[27]
G650ER
On May 18, 2014, Gulfstream announced at the annual European Business Aviation Association exhibition, that it had developed an extended range version called the G650ER. The G650ER is capable of flying Шаблон:Convert at Mach 0.85, due to its Шаблон:Convert increase in fuel capacity. Gulfstream stated that in March a G650ER development aircraft had flown non-stop from Hong Kong to Teterboro, New Jersey in the United States, a distance of Шаблон:Convert; it had also flown non-stop from Los Angeles to Melbourne in Australia. The extra fuel is housed in existing space inside the G650's wings and aircraft already built may be quickly upgraded to the ER version. The G650ER received its certification in October 2014 and began deliveries in late 2014.[28] The G650ER attempted two world records from New York to Beijing to Savannah in February 2015.[29] The same year, a G650ER set a new record for the longest non-stop flight by a purpose-built business jet, flying Шаблон:Convert from Singapore to Las Vegas with four passengers and crew. The record was surpassed by a Bombardier Global 7500 in March 2019,[30] before the G650ER retook the record in April 2019 by flying 8,379 nmi (15,518 km) from Singapore to Tucson.[31]
G700
On the eve of the October 2019 NBAA Convention & Exhibition in Las Vegas, Gulfstream announced its new flagship, the G700, showing a video of the aircraft taxiing under its own power in Savannah. It should fly 7,500 nmi/13,890 km at Mach 0.85 or 6,400 nmi/11,853 km at Mach 0.90. Its longer cabin can accommodate up to five areas and has 20 windows. It is powered by Rolls-Royce Pearl 700 engines and has new winglets. Customer deliveries were originally planned to start in 2022.[32] In July 2023, FAA approval was expected to be received in the autumn[33]
The $75 million jet is a Шаблон:Cvt stretch of the G650. The aircraft completed its first flight on February 14, 2020.[34] The G700 should share its fly-by-wire cockpit with the G500/G600: active control sidesticks and Honeywell Primus Epic flight deck with synthetic and enhanced vision systems for a common type rating. The jet is 110 ft (33.5 m) long, about Шаблон:Cvt longer than the G650ER and about Шаблон:Cvt shorter than the competing Bombardier Global 7500. Its main cabin is Шаблон:Cvt long, Шаблон:Cvt high and Шаблон:Cvt wide; Шаблон:Cvt longer, Шаблон:Cvt wider and a fraction taller than the 7500's cabin. It should carry 19 seated passengers or sleep 10. It will have a MTOW of Шаблон:Cvt and the 18,250 lbf (81.2 kN) turbofans should burn 2–3% less fuel than the G650's R-R BR725s. The aircraft should need a Шаблон:Cvt runway at MTOW in ISA conditions at sea level and land in Шаблон:Cvt at a typical landing weight.[35]
It has the same Шаблон:Cvt wing with its 33° wingsweep but the more outboard canted winglets are Шаблон:Cvt wider. The basic operating weight increases from Шаблон:Cvt and the wet wing fuel capacity increases slightly by Шаблон:Cvt. The Pearl 700 turbofan is an improved version of the BR725, with one more low-pressure turbine stage, an overall pressure ratio over 50:1, and a bypass ratio higher than 6.5:1 for a 3–5% better thrust specific fuel consumption. After flight tests, G700 bested its competitor's Шаблон:Cvt range and reached up to Шаблон:Cvt.[36] The maximum operating speed of the G700 has increased from Mach 0.925 to Mach 0.935, ranking it as the fastest in the Gulfstream product line.[37]
In 2023, its equipped price was $79.9M.[27]
G800
On October 4, 2021, Gulfstream unveiled in Savannah the 8,000 nmi (14,800 km) range Gulfstream G800, with the G700 wing and Pearl 700 engines, offering four living areas and 16 windows, with deliveries planned to begin in 2023.[38]
Priced at $72.5 million,[27] the G800 has a G650-size cabin, 10 ft shorter than the G700's and with two fewer windows per side.[39] The G800 first flew on June 28, 2022[40] and FAA certification is expected in early 2024.[33]
Design
The G650 has a cruise speed of Mach 0.85 to 0.90, with maximum speed of Mach 0.925 and a range of up to Шаблон:Convert. It can be equipped with a full kitchen and bar as well as a variety of entertainment features including satellite telephones and wireless Internet. The jet uses two Rolls-Royce BR725 engines, each producing a maximum thrust of Шаблон:Convert.[41] Gulfstream has stated that with a weight of less than Шаблон:Convert, the G650 is able to land at small general aviation airports allowing passengers to avoid larger more busy airports.
To better use the main cabin space, Gulfstream designers rejected the usual circular fuselage cross-section in favor of an oval which uses a flatter lower portion.[42] The cabin is Шаблон:Convert wide and Шаблон:Convert high,[43] allowing the craft to be configured to carry between 11 and 18 passengers. The fuselage and wing are constructed mostly of metal while composite materials are used for the empennage, winglets, rear pressure bulkhead, engine cowlings, cabin floor structure and many fairings.[44] The elliptical cabin windows,[45] eight on each side of the fuselage, are Шаблон:Convert wide. Panels are bonded rather than riveted, reducing parts count compared to the G550.Шаблон:Cn
The G650 wing has a sweep of 36 degrees which is greater than wings on previous Gulfstream aircraft like the G550 with a sweep of 27 degrees. It does not use leading-edge high-lift devices, and tracks for rear-mounted flaps are completely enclosed within the airfoil contour. The wing's leading edge is a continuously changing curve, and the airfoil varies continuously from root to tip. The aircraft also incorporates winglets.[46]
The aircraft controls are completely fly-by-wire, with no mechanical control between pilot and flight surfaces. The surfaces are moved by dual hydraulic systems. The G650 shares its yokes and column with the G550 in an effort to receive a common type rating.[47] While most newer airliners now employ fly-by-wire technology, the G650 was only the second fly-by-wire business jet, after the Dassault Falcon 7X and before the Embraer Legacy 500.[48]
At FL 470 and ISA-7°C, it cruises at Mach 0.85 or Шаблон:Cvt TAS and burns Шаблон:Cvt per hour at a weight of Шаблон:Cvt, raising to Шаблон:Cvt per h at Mach 0.90 or Шаблон:Cvt TAS.[49]
The G700's flight deck is upgraded to the Symmetry flight deck from the G500/G600.[50]
Variants
- G650
- Initial production version
- Шаблон:Visible anchor
- Extended Range version, with maximum takeoff weight increased by Шаблон:Convert and an equivalent increase in fuel capacity; capable of flying Шаблон:Convert at Mach 0.85.[51] Fuel capacity of the wet wings is increased by a modification to the fuel system, through a service bulletin; the modification is available as a $2 million retrofit for existing G650 aircraft. The list price for new a G650ER aircraft was $66.5 million in 2014.[52]
- G700
- Announced in October 2019, the aircraft is stretched by 10 ft 1 in (3.07 m) for a longer cabin with five areas and ten windows per side, up from eight. The engines are 2–3% more efficient Шаблон:Cvt Rolls-Royce Pearl 700 turbofans. The aircraft has a Шаблон:Cvt heavier MTOW than the G650ER for the same Шаблон:Cvt range.
- G800
- Announced in October 2021, the aircraft is slated to replace the G650.[53]
Executive users
According to flight tracking service SiliconJets using data from ADS-B,[54] current executives flying G650 models on a regular basis include: Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos, Elon Musk, Mark Zuckerberg, Mark Benioff, and Larry Ellison.[55][56]
Incidents and accidents
On April 2, 2011, the second G650 test aircraft crashed during takeoff from the Roswell International Air Center, New Mexico, killing the four Gulfstream employees on board (two pilots and two test engineers). The aircraft was conducting a takeoff-performance test during which an engine failure was simulated by reducing the right engine's thrust to idle.[57] The G650 became airborne briefly at a high angle of attack before its right wingtip hit the runway; then it slid on the ground, struck a concrete berm, and caught fire.[58]
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined the probable cause of the crash was an aerodynamic stall of the aircraft, due to a failure to properly develop and validate takeoff speeds involving persistent and increasingly aggressive attempts to achieve a V2 speed that was too low. It found that Gulfstream's investigation of the two previous uncommanded roll events was inadequate. Following the crash, Gulfstream raised the V2 speed of the G650 from Шаблон:Convert to Шаблон:Convert.[57] The NTSB accused Gulfstream of withholding information, which the company denied. The NTSB also objected to Gulfstream's use of legal counsel during the investigation.[59]Шаблон:Update after
Specifications
See also
References
External links
- Шаблон:Official website
- Шаблон:Cite press release
- Шаблон:Cite news
- Шаблон:Cite news
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- ↑ "Gulfstream Introduces the All-New Gulfstream G650" Шаблон:Webarchive. Gulfstream, March 13, 2008.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокGulfstremNewsSept22не указан текст - ↑ "New Gulfstream", Flying, Vol. 135., No. 5, May 2008, p. 52.
- ↑ Flying, May 2008, p. 56.
- ↑ "Photo Exclusive: The Gulfstream G650". The Enterprise Report.com, September 27, 2009.
- ↑ Larson, George. "Gulfstream G650 Rolls Out". Aviation Week, September 29, 2009.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Alton K. Marsh.Gulfstream G650 reaches near speed of sound. AOPA Online, 4 May 2010 (accessed May 9, 2010)
- ↑ "Gulfstream G650 Reaches Mach 0.995" Шаблон:Webarchive. Gulfstream.com, August 26, 2010.
- ↑ "Investigators seek clues in G650 Crash".
- ↑ Mayle, Mary Carr. "Gulfstream G650 gets FAA certification" Savannah Morning News, 8 September 2012. Retrieved: 8 September 2012.
- ↑ Brown, Sarah. "'Ultra-ultra' G650 gets type certificate" Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, 7 September 2012. Retrieved: 14 July 2021.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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- ↑ Whyte, Alasdair. "Speculating on business jets". Corporate Jet Investor, November 18, 2013.
- ↑ Whyte, Alasdair. "Second G650 trades". Corporate Jet Investor, November 22, 2013.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ "Gulfstream to pitch G650 for JSTARS replacement". Flightglobal.com, May 22, 2014.
- ↑ Air Force Kills JSTARS Upgrade Шаблон:Webarchive Military.com, 12 February, 2018
- ↑ JSTARS replacement cancelled in new USAF budget plan Шаблон:Webarchive FlightGlobal, 13 February, 2018
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 27,0 27,1 27,2 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Garvey, William & Salerno. Jessica A. "Gulfstream 650ER Enters Service" Aviation Week, 1 January 2015. Accessed: 19 May 2015.
- ↑ "This Gulfstream Flew Around the World With Just One Fuel Stop". Popular Mechanics
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- ↑ "Rolls-Royce presents BR725 engine to power new Gulfstream G650" Шаблон:Webarchive, Rolls-Royce, March 13, 2008.
- ↑ Warwick, Graham. "Gulfstream G650 - in the cabin". Flightglobal.com, 13 March 2008.
- ↑ 43,0 43,1 43,2 Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ Warwick, Graham. "Gulfstream G650 - in the cockpit". Flightglobal.com, March 13, 2008.
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- ↑ 57,0 57,1 "Crash During Experimental Test Flight, Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation GVI (G650), N652GD, Roswell, New Mexico, April 2, 2011" page 34. Conclusion on page 52. U.S. National Transportation Safety Board, October 10, 2012.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Croft, John. "Two wing-drop incidents preceded G650 crash – NTSB". Flight International, May 11, 2012.
- ↑ 60,0 60,1 60,2 Шаблон:Cite web
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