Английская Википедия:Gunilda

Gunilda was a steel-hulled Scottish-built steam yacht in service between her construction in 1897 and her sinking in Lake Superior in 1911. Built in 1897 in Leith, Scotland by Ramage & Ferguson for J. M. or A. R. & J. M. Sladen, and became owned by F. W. Sykes in 1898; her first and second owners were all from England. In 1901, Gunilda was chartered by a member of the New York Yacht Club, sailing across the Atlantic Ocean with a complement of 25 crewmen. In 1903, she was purchased by oil baron William L. Harkness of Cleveland, Ohio, a member of the New York Yacht Club; she ended up becoming the club's flagship. Under Harkness' ownership, Gunilda visited many parts of the world, including the Caribbean, and beginning in 1910, the Great Lakes.

In the summer of 1911, GunildaШаблон:'s owner, William L. Harkness, his family and friends were on an extended tour of northern Lake Superior. They were headed to Rossport, Ontario and then planned to head into Lake Nipigon to do some fishing for speckled trout. As she was about Шаблон:Convert away from Rossport, Gunilda ran hard aground onto McGarvey Shoal on the north side of Copper Island. Most of the passengers were taken to Rossport. Harkness stayed behind to supervise the salvage, hiring the tug James Whalen and a barge to tow Gunilda off the shoal. On August 11, 1911, after she was pulled free, she suddenly rolled over to starboard, filled with water, and sank. Harkness and his family were picked up by James Whalen.

Her wreck was rediscovered in 1967 resting in Шаблон:Convert of water, completely intact, with even the gilding on the hull surviving. GunildaШаблон:'s wreck was the subject of multiple failed salvage attempts. In the late 1960s, Ed and Harold Flatt made multiple unsuccessful attempts to salvage her. Throughout the 1970s, Fred Broennle also made several unsuccessful attempts to raise Gunilda. In 1980, Jacques Cousteau and the Cousteau Society used the research vessel Calypso and the diving saucer SP-350 Denise to dive and film the wreck. The Cousteau Society called Gunilda the "best-preserved, most prestigious shipwreck in the world" and "the most beautiful shipwreck in the world".

History

Design and construction

Файл:Gunilda blueprints.jpg

GunildaШаблон:'s blueprints

Gunilda (UK official number 104928) was built in 1897 by Ramage & Ferguson in Leith, Scotland. Her hull number was 149.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp She was designed by Joseph Edwin Wilkins, a naval architect who worked for Cox & King of Pall Mall, London, England.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp She cost about $200,000 to build.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Her name is a variant of Gunhild, an old Germanic feminine name meaning "war". She was launched on April 1, 1897.Шаблон:Sfnp

She was equipped by a triple expansion steam engine with pistons that had bores of Шаблон:Convert, Шаблон:Convert, and Шаблон:Convert and a stroke of Шаблон:Convert. The engine was powered by steam produced by two 160 psi turbine boilers. Gunilda was driven by a single propeller and had a top speed of Шаблон:Convert (some sources state Шаблон:Convert).Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp

Service history

Файл:Gunilda 6.jpg

Starboard-side view of Gunilda

Between 1897 and 1898 Gunilda was owned by either J. M. Sladen or by A. R. and J. M. Sladen; her home port was Wivenhoe in England.Шаблон:Sfnp Her second owner was F. W. Sykes, who owned her between 1898 and 1903, during which time her home port was Leith.Шаблон:Sfnp Her first and second owners were from England.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp

In 1901, Gunilda was chartered by a member of the New York Yacht Club of New York City, sailing over the Atlantic Ocean with 25 crewmen on board. American press reports at the time of her arrival described her as a schooner, rigged with Шаблон:Convert of canvas.Шаблон:Sfnp

In 1903, Gunilda was purchased by oil baron William L. Harkness of Cleveland, Ohio. Harkness was a member of the New York Yacht Club. When he purchased Gunilda, she was officially registered in New York City and became the new flagship of the New York Yacht Club. In 1903, GunildaШаблон:'s home port was Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, however, in 1904, it became New York City.Шаблон:Sfnp Under the ownership of Harkness, Gunilda visited several parts of the world, making multiple trips around the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp In 1910, Harkness brought Gunilda to the Great Lakes to perform an extended cruise.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp

Final voyage

Шаблон:Multiple image In 1911, William L. Harkness, his family and his friends were on an extended tour of the north shore of Lake Superior. In August 1911, the people on board had made plans to head into Lake Nipigon to fish for speckled trout. To sail into Lake Nipigon, Gunilda (manned by a crew of 20) needed to travel to Rossport, Ontario, then into Nipigon Bay, and finally through the Schreiber Channel.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp When Gunilda docked in Coldwell Harbor, Ontario, Harkness sought a pilot to guide them to Rossport and then into Nipigon Bay. Donald Murray, an experienced local man, offered his services for $15,Шаблон:Sfnp but Harkness declined, claiming it was too much.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp The following day, Gunilda stopped in Jackfish Bay, Ontario to load coal. Harkness once again inquired about a pilot. Harry Legault offered to pilot Gunilda to Rossport for $25 plus a train fare back to Jackfish Bay. GunildaШаблон:'s captain, Alexander Corkum, and his crew thought the offer was reasonable, but Harkness once again declined. As the US charts did not indicate that there were any shoals on their intended course, Harkness decided to proceed without a pilot with accurate knowledge of the region. As she was about Шаблон:Convert off Rossport, Gunilda, travelling at full speed, ran hard aground on McGarvey Shoal (known locally as Old Man's Hump). Gunilda ran Шаблон:Convert onto the shoal, raising her bow high out of the water.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp

After the grounding, Harkness and some his family and friends boarded one of GunildaШаблон:'s motor launches and travelled to Rossport, catching a Canadian Pacific Railway train to Port Arthur, Ontario, where Harkness made arrangements for the Canadian Towing & Wrecking Company's tug James Whalen to be dispatched to free Gunilda. The next day, on August 11 (some sources state August 29, one source states August 31), James Whalen arrived with a barge in tow.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp The captain of James Whalen advised Harkness to hire a second tug and barge to properly stabilize Gunilda.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Harkness once again refused. As Gunilda didn't have any towing bitts, a sling was slung around her and attached to James Whalen, and she pulled Gunilda directly astern. GunildaШаблон:'s engines were reversed, but she remained on the shoal. They then tried to swing the stern back and forth, but this also failed. Wrecking master J. WolvinШаблон:Sfnp of James Whalen decided to pull solely to starboard, as it was impossible to maneuver her stern to the port.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Gunilda slid off the shoal, but as she slid into the water, she suddenly keeled over, and her masts hit the water. Water poured in through the portholes, doors, companionways, hatches, and skylights. Gunilda sank in a couple of minutes. As she sank, the crew of James Whalen cut the towline, fearing that Gunilda would pull her down as well. After Gunilda sank, the people who remained on her were picked up by James Whalen.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp

Lloyd's of London paid out a $100,000 insurance policy.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp

Gunilda wreck

This ship is very well-preserved, as can be seen from photographs taken by a dive team in 2022.^[1]

Gunilda today

Файл:Gunilda wreck.jpg

Illustration of GunildaШаблон:'s wreck

The wreck of Gunilda was discovered in 1967 by Chuck Zender, who also made the first-ever dive to her. Her wreck rests on an even keel in Шаблон:Convert of water to the lake bottom, and Шаблон:Convert to her deck at the base of McGarvey Shoal. Her wreck is very intact, with everything that was on her when she sank still in place, including her entire superstructure, compass binnacle, and both of her masts. Numerous artefacts including a piano, several lanterns, and various pieces of furniture remain on board.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Most of the paint on her hull survives, including the gilding.Шаблон:Sfnp In 1980, Jacques Cousteau and the Cousteau Society used the research vessel Calypso and the diving saucer SP-350 Denise to dive and film the wreck. The Cousteau Society called Gunilda "the best-preserved, most prestigious shipwreck in the world" and "the most beautiful shipwreck in the world".Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp

Файл:Gunilda-IMG 7819.JPG

Model of Gunilda in the Art Gallery of Ontario

Two divers have died on the wreck of Gunilda. Charles "King" Hague died in 1970; his body was recovered in 1976. Reg Barrett from Burlington, Ontario died in 1989.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp

In 2019 a blogger on the Professional Association of Diving Instructors Tecrec blogsite named Gunilda the second-best technical diving site in the world, after the German battleship SMS Markgraf in Scapa Flow.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp

Salvage attempts

Ed and Harold Flatt of Thunder Bay, Ontario launched the first salvage attempt on Gunilda. They used cranes and a barge to hook onto GunildaШаблон:'s hull, managing to haul a piece of her mast up to the surface. They made another failed attempt in 1968, but a storm wrecked their barge and washed away most of their equipment.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp

In the 1970s, Fred Broennle made several attempts to raise Gunilda. In August 1970 Broennle and his dive partner, 23-year old Charles "King" Hague, dove GunildaШаблон:'s wreck. On August 8, 1970 Broennle and Hague anchored over the wreck, but there were complications during the dive; Hague dove first, dying in the process. Broennle tried to rescue him but got decompression sickness.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp

In about 1973 or 1974 Broennle set up Deep Diving Systems to raise GunildaШаблон:'s wreck, building several diving bells and purchasing several barges, cranes, and a Biomarine CCR 1000 rebreather. Several of his earlier dives were unsuccessful.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp

During the salvage efforts, Broennle recovered a brass grate from one of the skylights.Шаблон:Sfnp

In April 1976 Broennle bought the wreck of Gunilda from Lloyd's of London on the condition that he could raise her. On July 13, 1976 while exploring the wreck with underwater cameras, Broennle located Hague's remains close to the wreck, near the port side of the stern, and recovered them sometime later. In September 1976 Broennle planned to dive Gunilda with his submersible Constructor, which cost Deep Diving Systems $1.5 million to design and build. Constructor bankrupted Broennle and Deep Diving Systems, ending their salvage efforts.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp In 1998, the story of Broennle's salvage efforts were made into a film, Drowning in Dreams.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:1911 shipwrecks Шаблон:Recreational dive sites

↑ “Century old sunken ship preserved in perfect condition beneath Lake Superior”, Caters News Agency (2022).

[1] “Century old sunken ship preserved in perfect condition beneath Lake Superior”, Caters News Agency (2022).

[1]

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Английская Википедия:Gunilda

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