Английская Википедия:Gyaru-moji
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Multiple issues Шаблон:Contains special characters Шаблон:Nihongo3 or Шаблон:Nihongo3 is a style of obfuscated (cant) Japanese writing popular amongst urban Japanese youth. As the name Шаблон:Transliteration suggests (Шаблон:Transliteration meaning "gal"), this writing system was created by and remains primarily employed by young women.[1]
Like the English phenomenon of SMS language, it is most often used for sending cell phone text messages, but while text is used as a form of informal shorthand, a message typed in Шаблон:Transliteration usually requires more characters and effort than the same message typed in plain Japanese. Since writing in Шаблон:Transliteration requires extra effort, and due to the perception of confidentiality, sending Шаблон:Transliteration messages to a peer is seen as a sign of informality or friendship. The origin of this style is unclear but it has been proposed that magazines targeted at teenage girls first made it popular, and the phenomenon started to gain wider attention in media around 2002.[1]
The style has been met with increasing criticism, as its use continues to expand.Шаблон:Citation needed Reported instances of girls using the writing in school work, OLs ("office ladies") adopting the style in the workplace, and Шаблон:Transliteration being used in karaoke subtitling, are examples of this.Шаблон:Citation needed Anthropologist Laura Miller has analyzed Шаблон:Transliteration as an example of gender resistance.[1]
Several online guides for Шаблон:Transliteration exist, as well as one published book: Шаблон:Transliteration (2004).[2]
Formation
Like leet, Шаблон:Transliteration replaces characters with visually similar characters or combinations of characters. The Japanese language consists of traditional characters of Chinese origin, kanji, and two native syllabic scripts called kana: hiragana and katakana. These characters and scripts are altered to form hidden messages. Hiragana consisting of connected strokes are replaced by symbols or Greek letters: for example, Шаблон:Nihongo may be rendered as the section symbol §. Hiragana consisting of detached elements are replaced by sequences of kana, Western letters, or symbols. For example, Шаблон:Nihongo may be typed as |ま (vertical bar and hiragana Шаблон:Transliteration) or (ま (open parenthesis and Шаблон:Transliteration), Шаблон:Nihongo may be typed as レナ (katakana Шаблон:Transliteration), Iナ (capital i, Шаблон:Transliteration), or († (open parenthesis, dagger), and Шаблон:Nihongo may be typed as ナ= (katakana Шаблон:Transliteration, equals sign) or †こ (dagger, hiragana Шаблон:Transliteration).
Katakana is frequently replaced by similar-looking kanji, such as Шаблон:Lang for Шаблон:Nihongo or Шаблон:Lang for Шаблон:Nihongo, in a reversal of the process that turned man'yōgana into kana. Kana and rōmaji may be mixed freely, even within a word, and Latin letters in rōmaji may be replaced with similar-looking Cyrillic letters, such as replacing N with И (Cyrillic I). Compound kanji are decomposed into left and right elements, which are written as individual kanji or kana. For example, the kanji Шаблон:Lang in Шаблон:Lang, meaning "like, enjoy" may be split into Шаблон:Lang (the kanji for woman and child, respectively).
In addition to the basic obfuscation provided by character replacement, another technique used to disguise the content of the message is to use vocabulary and grammar that is uncharacteristic of standard usage.[3] Combined with character substitution, this can make the meaning of the message almost unintelligible to those not "in the know". This is analogous to the use of leet's specialized grammar. However, the flexible nature of the Japanese language means that although Шаблон:Transliteration phrases sound peculiar to someone expecting formal or even commonly colloquial Japanese, they are often technically still grammatically correct.
For example, the sentence Шаблон:Nihongo is "Right now I am feeling very good." in standard normal-polite Japanese. By first rewording this as Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Nihongo – which roughly translates as "(I have a) Super good feeling!" – and then converting to Шаблон:Transliteration to get Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang, the message could prove difficult for those not versed in the style to understand.
Conversion chart
The original Japanese hiragana followed by romaji, and then various versions of the Japanese character in Шаблон:Transliteration. The following chart is also available in image form.
- あ a： ぁ・ァ・了
- い i： ぃ・ィ・ﾚヽ・ﾚ丶・レ）・ﾚ`・L丶・Lヽ
- う u： ぅ・ゥ・宀・ヴ
- え e： ぇ・ェ・之・工・ヱ
- お o： ぉ・ォ・才・汚
- か ka： ｶゝ・ｶ丶・ｶヽ・ｶ`・ｶゞ【が】
- き ki： (ｷ・(≠・L≠・‡
- く ku： ＜・〈・勹
- け ke： ヶ・(ﾅ・ﾚ†・ﾚﾅ・|ナ・l+・Iﾅ
- こ ko： 〓・=・]・⊃
- さ sa： 廾・±・(十・L+
- し shi： ι・∪
- す su： ￡
- せ se： 世・Ш
- そ so： ξ・ζ・`ﾉ・丶/・ヽ丿
- た ta： ﾅ=・+=・†ﾆ・ﾅﾆ
- ち chi： 干・千・于・5
- つ tsu： っ・ッ・⊃
- て te： τ・〒
- と to： ┠・┝・┣・├
- な na： ﾅょ・十ょ・†ょ・ﾅg
- に ni： (ﾆ・|=・丨ﾆ・L=・I=・
- ぬ nu： йu
- ね ne： йё
- の no： /・丿・σ
- は ha： ﾊ〃【バ】・ﾊo【パ】・'`・八・l￡・(￡・ﾉ|・ﾉl・ﾚ￡
- ひ hi： ﾋ〃【ビ】・ﾋo【ピ】・匕
- ふ fu： ﾌ〃【ブ】・ﾌo【プ】・ヴ
- へ he： ﾍ〃【べ】・ﾍo【ペ】・～
- ほ ho： ﾎ〃【ボ】・ﾎo【ポ】・朮
- ま ma： ма・мα
- み mi： 彡
- む mu： ￡′・厶
- め me： ×・x・χ・乂
- も mo： м○・мσ
- や ya： ゃ・ャ
- ゆ yu： ゅ・ュ・ф
- よ yo： ょ・ョ・∋・чｏ
- ら ra： яа
- り ri： L|・l)・ﾚ｣・ﾚ)・┗』・└丿
- る ru： ゐ・ゑ・儿・lﾚ・｣レ
- れ re： яё
- ろ ro： з・З・□・回
- わ wa： ゎ・ヮ・wα
- を wo： щo
- ん n： ω・冫・ｗ・h
- ー (long vowel mark)： →・⇒
Compound kanji
Here are some examples of Шаблон:Transliteration created from compound kanji. The kanji characters are followed by their reading and meaning, and the Шаблон:Transliteration derived from them:
Examples
| Usual Japanese writing | Шаблон:Transliteration | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Nihongo | Шаблон:Lang | Good morning |
| Шаблон:Nihongo | Шаблон:Lang | Pokémon |
| Шаблон:Nihongo | Шаблон:Lang | I like Takeshi. |
Cultural attitudes
As a youth culture element produced by women, Шаблон:Transliteration is not well received by the older Japanese public. From a traditionalist perspective, Шаблон:Transliteration rejects the elegant, painstaking brushstrokes of Japanese writing embraced by the art of Japanese calligraphy. From a contemporary perspective, Шаблон:Transliteration may be likened to other, comical recent scripts, such as the bubble-like Шаблон:Transliteration from the 1980s. Since its widespread use in the early 2000s, television programs and public attention has taken note of Шаблон:Transliteration. However, this innovative writing system subverts cultural norms and breaks linguistic barriers, characterizing Шаблон:Transliteration with a rebellious nature.[1]
See also
- Japanese typographic symbols for explanations of some of the above Japanese symbols.
- Martian language, a similar phenomenon in the Chinese language.
- Emoji
References
External links
Шаблон:Internet dialects Шаблон:Japanese subcultures
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Laura Miller. 2011. "Subversive script and novel graphs in Japanese girls' culture." Language & Communication Vol. 31, Issue 1: 16-26.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
