Английская Википедия:Gymnosporangium
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Automatic taxobox
Gymnosporangium is a genus of heteroecious plant-pathogenic fungi which alternately infect members of the family Cupressaceae, primarily species in the genus Juniperus (junipers), and members of the family Rosaceae in the subfamily Amygdaloideae (apples, pears, quinces, shadbush, hawthorns, rowans and their relatives). The common name cedar-apple rusts has been used for these fungi.[1] According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), there was 57 species in the genus.[2] In 2023, Species Fungorum lists up to 74 species.[3]
In junipers (the primary hosts, see photo), some species form a ball-like gall about 2–4 cm in diameter which produces a set of orange tentacle-like spore tubes called telial horns. These horns expand and have a jelly like consistency when wet. In other species, such as in G. clarvariforme, the telia are produced directly from the bark of the juniper with no obvious gall formation or swelling.[4] The basidiospores are released and travel on the wind until they infect an apple, pear, hawthorn or suitable tree.
On the secondary hosts, the fungus produces yellowish depressions on the leaves. It also infects the fruit, which grows whitish tubes like a Medusa head. These are the spore tubes. These aeciospores must then infect a juniper to complete the life cycle. All the types of spores can spread over long distances.[5]
The fungus does not cause serious damage to junipers, but apple and pear trees can suffer serious loss of fruit production due to the effects of the fungus. Although the genus has a worldwide distribution, its impact depends on availability of its two host plant species. Individual species are found in Northern and Central America, Asia, Europe and the Middle East.[5]
Due to the economic impacts of the rusts in some areas where orchards are of commercial importance, some regions have attempted to ban the planting of and/or eradicate the coniferous hosts.[6]
In 2020, the monotypic family Gymnosporangiaceae was proposed to accommodate Gymnosporangium.[7] As accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020.[8]
Selected species and hosts
Species | Primary host | Secondary host | Common name |
---|---|---|---|
Gymnosporangium amelanchieris | Juniperus sect. Juniperus | Amelanchier | |
Gymnosporangium clavariiforme | Juniperus sect. Juniperus | Amelanchier, Crataegus, Pyrus | Tongues of Fire[9] |
Gymnosporangium clavipes | Juniperus | Crataegus, Cydonia | Cedar-quince rust, quince rust[10] |
Gymnosporangium confusum | Juniperus | Crataegus, Cydonia, Mespilus, Pyrus | |
Gymnosporangium cornutum | Juniperus sect. Juniperus | Sorbus subgen. Sorbus | Mountain ash juniper rust[10] |
Gymnosporangium cupressi | Cupressus | Amelanchier | |
Gymnosporangium dobroznakovii | Juniperus sect. Juniperus | Pyrus | |
Gymnosporangium fusisporum | Juniperus sect. Sabina | Cotoneaster | |
Gymnosporangium gaeumannii | Juniperus communis | (not known) | |
Gymnosporangium globosum | Juniperus | Crataegus | Cedar-hawthorn rust, American hawthorn rust[10][11] |
Gymnosporangium gracile | Juniperus | Amelanchier, Crataegus, Cydonia | |
Gymnosporangium harknessianum | Juniperus | Amelanchier | |
Gymnosporangium inconspicuum | Juniperus | Amelanchier | |
Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae | Juniperus | Malus | Cedar-apple rust[10] |
Gymnosporangium kernianum | Juniperus | Amelanchier | Kern's pear rust[11] |
Gymnosporangium libocedri (Now Gymnotelium blasdaleanum, Pucciniaceae family) | Calocedrus | Amelanchier | Pacific Coast pear rust,[11] Incense cedar broom rust[10] |
Gymnosporangium malyi | (not known) | Crataegus | |
Gymnosporangium multiporum | Juniperus | (not known) | |
Gymnosporangium nelsonii | Juniperus | Amelanchier | Witches broom rust,[10] Rocky Mountain pear[11] |
Gymnosporangium nidus-avis | Juniperus sect. Sabina | Crataegus, Cydonia, Malus | Juniper witches' broom rust[10] |
Gymnosporangium sabinae | Juniperus | Pyrus, Malus, Crataegus | Pear rust, European pear rust, or pear trellis rust[10] |
Gymnosporangium torminalis-juniperinum | Juniperus sect. Juniperus | Sorbus torminalis | |
Gymnosporangium tremelloides | Juniperus sect. Juniperus | Cydonia, Malus, Sorbus | |
Gymnosporangium yamadae | Juniperus | Malus | Japanese apple rust[12] |
Full list of species
As accepted by Species Fungorum;[3] Шаблон:Div col
- Gymnosporangium amelanchieris Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium annulatum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium asiaticum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium atlanticum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium aurantiacum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium bermudianum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium bethelii Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium biseptatum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium clavariiforme Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium clavipes Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium confusum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium connersii Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium corniculans Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium corniforme Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium cornutum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium cunninghamianum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium cupressi Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium davisii Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium dobrozrakovae Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium echinulatum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium effusum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium exiguum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium exterum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium floriforme Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium formosanum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium fraternum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium fusisporum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium gaeumannii Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium gjaerumii Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium globosum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium gracile Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium gracilens Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium harknessianum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium hemisphaericum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium huanglongense Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium hyalinum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium inconspicuum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium kanasense Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium kernianum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium lachrymiforme Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium lianhuaense Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium meridissimum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium mespili Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium minus Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium miyabei Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium monticola Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium multiporum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium nelsonii Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium nidus-avis Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium niitakayamense Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium nipponicum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium orientale Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium padmarense Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium paraphysatum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium pleoporum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium przewalskii Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium raphiolepidis Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium sabinae Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium shennongjiaense Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium shiraianum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium sorbi Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium spinulosum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium taianum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium tiankengense Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium tianschanicum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium torminali-juniperini Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium trachysorum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium tremelloides Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium tsingchenense Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium turkestanicum Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium unicorne Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium vauqueliniae Шаблон:Au
- Gymnosporangium yamadae Шаблон:Au
References
Other sources
- Phillips, D.H., & Burdekin, D.A. (1992). Diseases of Forest and Ornamental Trees. Macmillan.
- Scharpf, R.F., ed. (1993). Diseases of Pacific Coast Conifers. USDA Forest Service Agricultural Handbook 521.
External links
Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Wikispecies
Шаблон:Taxonbar Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>
; для сносокKirk2008
не указан текст - ↑ 3,0 3,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>
; для сносокFungorum
не указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Gymnosporangium cornutum/clavariforme, Scottish Fungi
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 10,4 10,5 10,6 10,7 FullFungi List, Widely Prevalent Fungi of the United States
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 Diseases of Pear, APS
- ↑ Gymnosporangium yamadae Шаблон:Webarchive, Data sheets on Quaranteen Pests